Today’s daf is sponsored by Deborah Aschheim (Weiss) on the occasion of the 42nd yahrzeit of her beloved mother Edith Aschheim. “A day doesn’t go by when I don’t think of you, Mommy, and how amazed you would be to find me and my family living in Israel.”
Avodah Zarah 44
August 01, 2025 | ז׳ באב תשפ״ה
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Masechet Avodah Zarah
Masechet Avodah Zarah is sponsored by the Talmud class of Congregation Beth Jacob in Redwood City, CA, in honor of the Hadran staff who make learning possible.
Avodah Zarah 44
אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם אֶת הָעֵגֶל לָקַחְתִּי וָאֶשְׂרֹף אֹתוֹ בָּאֵשׁ וָאֶכֹּת אֹתוֹ טָחוֹן הֵיטֵב עַד אֲשֶׁר דַּק לְעָפָר וָאַשְׁלִךְ אֶת עֲפָרוֹ אֶל הַנַּחַל הַיֹּרֵד מִן הָהָר״!
the calf that you had made, I took and burned it with fire, and beat it in pieces, grinding it very small, until it was as fine as dust; and I cast its dust into the brook that descended out of the mount” (Deuteronomy 9:21)? Moses, who ground up the idolatrous golden calf and dispersed its dust, was apparently unconcerned with the fact that it may fertilize the soil.
אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה? הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וַיִּזֶר עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם וַיַּשְׁקְ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״, לֹא נִתְכַּוֵּין אֶלָּא לְבוֹדְקָן כְּסוֹטוֹת.
The Rabbis said to him: You seek to bring proof from there? Doesn’t it state in the verse: “And he took the calf that they had made, and burned it with fire, and ground it to powder, and strewed it upon the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it” (Exodus 32:20)? Moses ground up the calf intending only to inspect them like sota women, i.e., like a woman suspected by her husband of having been unfaithful. Such a woman is compelled to drink water containing the ground-up ink from a scroll of Torah passages relating to a sota woman, which causes her to die if she was unfaithful, and exonerates her and bestows blessings upon her if she was faithful. Similarly, Moses ground up the calf in order to compel the people to drink, to cause the guilty parties to die.
אָמַר לָהֶם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי: וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר ״וְגַם אֶת מַעֲכָה אִמּוֹ הֱסִירָהּ מִגְּבִירָה אֲשֶׁר עָשְׂתָה מִפְלַצְתָּהּ וְגוֹ׳ וַיָּדֶק וַיִּשְׂרֹף בְּנַחַל קִדְרוֹן״! אָמַר לוֹ: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה? נַחַל קִדְרוֹן אֵינוֹ מְגַדֵּל צְמָחִין!
Rabbi Yosei said to them: But isn’t it already stated concerning Asa: “And he also removed Maacah his mother from being queen, because she had made an abominable image [miflatztah] for an ashera; and Asa cut down her image, and burned it at the Kidron River” (see I Kings 15:13)? It seems that Asa was unconcerned that the ground-up idol may provide fertilization. They said to him: You seek to bring proof from there? The Kidron River does not grow vegetation, so even if the idol would have fertilized the soil, it would have been of no benefit.
וְלָא? וְהָתַנְיָא: אֵלּוּ וְאֵלּוּ מִתְעָרְבִין בְּאַמָּה, וְיוֹצְאִין לְנַחַל קִדְרוֹן, וְנִמְכָּרִין לְגַנָּנִין לְזֶבֶל, וּמוֹעֲלִין בָּהֶן! מְקוֹמוֹת מְקוֹמוֹת יֵשׁ בּוֹ: יֵשׁ מָקוֹם מְגַדֵּל צְמָחִין, וְיֵשׁ מָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין מְגַדֵּל צְמָחִין.
The Gemara asks: And does the Kidron River not grow vegetation? But isn’t it taught in a mishna (Yoma 58b): This remainder of blood from the external altar and that remainder of blood from the inner altar are mixed in the Temple courtyard drain beneath the altar, and they flow out with the water used to rinse the area, to the Kidron River, and this water is sold to gardeners for use as fertilizer? The mishna continues: The gardeners pay for this water and thereby desacralize it, and failure to do so would render them liable for misuse of consecrated property. This is explicit proof that the Kidron River does yield produce. The Gemara answers: There are different places in the Kidron River area. There is a place that grows vegetation, and there is a place that does not grow vegetation.
מַאי ״מִפְלַצְתָּהּ״? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: דַּהֲוָה מַפְלְיָא לֵיצָנוּתָא, כִּדְתָנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף: כְּמִין זַכְרוּת עָשְׂתָה לָהּ, וְהָיְתָה נִבְעֶלֶת לוֹ בְּכׇל יוֹם.
The Gemara tangentially inquires about the meaning of a word in the verse quoted above. What is the meaning of “miflatztah”? Rav Yehuda says: It means an object that intensifies [mafli] licentiousness [leitzanuta]; as Rabbi Yosef teaches: Maacah fashioned upon the idol the likeness of a male organ, and she would engage in sexual activity with it daily.
אָמַר לָהֶן רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר: ״וְכִתַּת נְחַשׁ נְחֹשֶׁת אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה״!
The baraita continues: Rabbi Yosei attempts to cite another proof that grinding an object of idol worship is sufficient, from Hezekiah’s destruction of Moses’ serpent, which was worshipped by the Jewish people in Hezekiah’s time. Rabbi Yosei said to them: But isn’t it already stated: “And he broke into pieces the brazen serpent that Moses had made; as until those days the children of Israel sacrificed to it” (II Kings 18:4)? This indicates that breaking an object of idol worship into pieces suffices.
אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה? הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר ״וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ אֶל מֹשֶׁה עֲשֵׂה לְךָ שָׂרָף״, ״לְךָ״ — מִשֶּׁלְּךָ, וְאֵין אָדָם אוֹסֵר דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ, וְהָתָם בְּדִין הוּא דְּכַתּוֹתֵי לָא הֲוָה צְרִיךְ.
The Rabbis said to him: You seek to bring proof from there? Doesn’t it state in the verse: “And the Lord said to Moses: Make you a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole; and it shall come to pass, that everyone that is bitten, when he sees it, shall live” (Numbers 21:8)? The term “make you” is interpreted to mean that the Lord commanded Moses: Make the serpent from your property. Consequently, the serpent belonged to Moses, and the principle in such a case is that a person does not render forbidden an item that is not his. Therefore, despite worshipping the serpent, the Jewish people could not render it a forbidden object of idol worship, and by right, it was not necessary to demolish it there.
אֶלָּא, כֵּיוָן דַּחֲזָא דְּקָא טָעוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּתְרֵיהּ, עָמַד וְכִיתָּתוֹ.
Rather, despite the fact that the serpent did not have the halakhic status of an object of idol worship, since Hezekiah saw that the Jewish people were straying after it, he arose and demolished it. Nevertheless, since this demolishing was not done in order to fulfill the obligation to eradicate objects of idol worship, but merely to prevent its worship, breaking it into pieces was sufficient.
אָמַר לָהֶם, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר: ״וַיַּעַזְבוּ שָׁם אֶת עֲצַבֵּיהֶם וַיִּשָּׂאֵם דָּוִד וַאֲנָשָׁיו״, וּמַאי מַשְׁמַע דְּהַאי ״וַיִּשָּׂאֵם דָּוִד״ לִישָּׁנָא דְּזָרוֹיֵי הוּא? כְּדִמְתַרְגֵּם רַב יוֹסֵף: ״תִּזְרֵם וְרוּחַ תִּשָּׂאֵם״, וּמְתַרְגְּמִינַן: תִּזְרֵינוּן וְרוּחַ תְּטַלְטְלִינּוּן.
Rabbi Yosei said to the Rabbis, citing another proof for his opinion: But isn’t it already stated: “And they left their images there, and David and his men took them away [vayyissa’em]” (II Samuel 5:21)? And from where may it be inferred that the meaning of this formulation: “Vayyissa’em David,” is winnowing, i.e., scattering in the wind? It is as Rav Yosef translates the verse: “Tizrem veruaḥ tissa’em” (Isaiah 41:16), and we translate it as follows: “You shall fan them, and the wind shall carry them away.” Apparently, this way of disposing of idolatrous objects is sufficient.
אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה? הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר ״וַיִּשָּׂרְפוּ בָּאֵשׁ״, וּמִדְּלָא כְּתִיב ״וַיִּשְׂרְפֵם וַיִּשָּׂאֵם״, שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ ״וַיִּשָּׂאֵם״ מַמָּשׁ.
The Rabbis said to him: You seek to bring proof from there? Doesn’t it state with regard to the same incident: “And they left their gods there; and David gave an order, and they were burned with fire” (I Chronicles 14:12)? And from the fact that it is not written here: And they burned them vayyissa’em, learn from it that the word vayyissa’em is not referring to scattering in the wind, but rather it should be understood literally, i.e., David and his men took the idols away; and it does not mean that they demolished and scattered them.
מִכׇּל מָקוֹם, קָשׁוּ קְרָאֵי אַהֲדָדֵי.
The Gemara asks: In any case, the verses contradict each other. The two accounts with regard to David’s disposal of the idols seem inconsistent. One states that his men took them away or scattered them, while the other recounts that they burned them.
כִּדְרַב הוּנָא, דְּרַב הוּנָא רָמֵי: כְּתִיב ״וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִד וַיִּשָּׂרְפוּ בָּאֵשׁ״, וּכְתִיב ״וַיִּשָּׂאֵם״!
The Gemara answers in accordance with the resolution of Rav Huna, as Rav Huna raises a contradiction between the verses, as follows: It is written: “And they left their gods there; and David gave an order, and they were burned with fire” (I Chronicles 14:12), and it is also written: “And David and his men took them away” (II Samuel 5:21).
לָא קַשְׁיָא, כָּאן — קוֹדֶם שֶׁבָּא אִיתַּי הַגִּיתִּי, כָּאן — לְאַחַר שֶׁבָּא אִיתַּי הַגִּיתִּי.
Rav Huna answers: It is not difficult. In the interim, Ittai the Gittite, who was a gentile, arrived, and David commanded him to revoke the idolatrous status of the idols, as only gentiles are capable of doing this. Here, the verse that states that they burned the idols describes their actions before Ittai the Gittite came, whereas there, the verse that indicates that they simply carried them away is referring to after Ittai the Gittite came and revoked their status as objects of idol worship, obviating the need to burn them.
דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּקַּח אֶת עֲטֶרֶת מַלְכָּם מֵעַל רֹאשׁוֹ וּמִשְׁקָלָהּ כִּכַּר זָהָב״, וּמִי שְׁרֵי? אִיסּוּרֵי הֲנָאָה נִינְהוּ! אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: אִיתַּי הַגִּיתִּי בָּא וּבִיטְּלָהּ.
Another difficulty is resolved by Ittai’s arrival; as it is written with regard to the Ammonite idol: “And he took the crown of Malcam from off his head, and its weight was a talent of gold, and in it were precious stones; and it was set on David’s head” (II Samuel 12:30). But is it permitted for David to wear the crown? Isn’t it an object of idol worship and therefore under the category of items from which deriving benefit is prohibited? Rav Naḥman says: Ittai the Gittite arrived and revoked its status as an object of idol worship.
מִשְׁקָלָהּ כִּכַּר זָהָב, הֵיכִי מָצֵי מַנַּח לַהּ? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: רְאוּיָה לָנוּחַ עַל רֹאשׁ דָּוִד. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר: אֶבֶן שׁוֹאֶבֶת הָיְתָה בָּהּ, דַּהֲוָת דָּרָא לַהּ. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר: אֶבֶן יְקָרָה הָיְתָה בָּהּ, שֶׁשָּׁוָה כִּכַּר זָהָב.
§ The Gemara discusses David’s crown. The verse states: “And its weight was a talent of gold.” As a talent is a very heavy weight, the Gemara asks: How could David place it on his head? Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: What is meant is not that it was actually placed on his head, but rather that it was fit to rest on David’s head, i.e., it fit the size of his head. Giving a different answer, Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, says: There was a lodestone in it that would hold it up, i.e., from which it was suspended. David sat and placed his head in it, giving the appearance that he was wearing it. Rabbi Elazar says: What is meant is not that it weighed a full talent of gold, but rather that there was a precious stone on it that was worth a talent of gold.
״זֹאת הָיְתָה לִּי כִּי פִקּוּדֶיךָ נָצָרְתִּי״ — מַאי קָאָמַר? הָכִי קָאָמַר: בִּשְׂכַר שֶׁפִּקּוּדֶיךָ נָצָרְתִּי, זֹאת הָיְתָה לִי לְעֵדוּת. מַאי עֵדוּתָהּ? אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: שֶׁהָיָה מַנִּיחָהּ בִּמְקוֹם תְּפִילִּין וְהוֹלַמְתּוֹ. וְהָא בָּעֵי אַנּוֹחֵי תְּפִילִּין! אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק: מָקוֹם יֵשׁ בָּרֹאשׁ שֶׁרָאוּי לְהַנִּיחַ בּוֹ שְׁתֵּי תְפִילִּין.
The Gemara asks with regard to the verse: “This I have had, as I have kept Your precepts” (Psalms 119:56): What is it saying? The Gemara answers that this is what the verse is saying: As reward for the fact that I kept your precepts, this crown was a testimony for me that I am fit to be king. What exactly was its testimony? Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: It was that David would place the crown on his head on the spot where one dons phylacteries, and it fit him perfectly. The Gemara asks: But how could he have worn the crown? Wasn’t he required to don phylacteries? Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak says: There is enough space on the part of the head that is fit for donning phylacteries for one to don two phylacteries.
״וַיּוֹצִיאוּ אֶת בֶּן הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיִּתְּנוּ עָלָיו אֶת הַנֵּזֶר וְאֶת הָעֵדוּת״, ״נֵזֶר״ — זוֹ כְּלִילָא, ״עֵדוּת״ — אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: עֵדוּת הוּא לְבֵית דָּוִד, שֶׁכׇּל הָרָאוּי לַמַּלְכוּת הוֹלַמְתּוֹ, וְכֹל שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לַמַּלְכוּת אֵין הוֹלַמְתּוֹ.
Similarly, it is stated with regard to Joash: “Then they brought out the king’s son, and put upon him the crown [hanezer] and the testimony, and made him king” (II Chronicles 23:11). “Nezer” is a crown. What was the “testimony”? Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: It is a testimony for the progeny of house of David that anyone who is fit for kingship, the crown fits him properly; and anyone who is unfit for kingship, the crown does not fit him properly.
״וַאֲדֹנִיָּה בֶן חַגִּית מִתְנַשֵּׂא לֵאמֹר אֲנִי אֶמְלֹךְ״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: שֶׁמִּתְנַשֵּׂא לְהוֹלְמוֹ וְלֹא הוֹלַמְתּוֹ.
Similarly, the verse states: “Now Adonijah, son of Haggith, exalted himself, saying: I will be king” (I Kings 1:5). Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: The term “exalted himself” teaches that he sought to have the crown fit him, but it did not fit him.
״וַיַּעַשׂ לוֹ רֶכֶב וּפָרָשִׁים וַחֲמִשִּׁים אִישׁ רָצִים לְפָנָיו״, מַאי רְבוּתַיְיהוּ? תָּנָא: כּוּלָּם נְטוּלֵי טְחוֹל וַחֲקוּקֵי כַּפּוֹת הָרַגְלַיִם הָיוּ.
The verse continues: “And he prepared for himself chariots and riders and fifty people to run before him” (I Kings 1:5). The Gemara asks: What is the novelty of these actions, since other wealthy people do the same, even if they are not the sons of kings with designs on the throne? It is taught in a baraita that what was unique was that the runners all had their spleens removed and had the soles of their feet hollowed, i.e., flesh from their feet was removed, and these two procedures enhanced their speed.
מַתְנִי׳ שָׁאַל פְּרוֹקְלוּס בֶּן פְּלוֹסְפוּס אֶת רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל בְּעַכּוֹ, שֶׁהָיָה רוֹחֵץ בַּמֶּרְחָץ שֶׁל אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כָּתוּב בְּתוֹרַתְכֶם ״לָא יִדְבַּק בְּיָדְךָ מְאוּמָה מִן הַחֵרֶם״, מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה רוֹחֵץ בְּמֶרְחָץ שֶׁל אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי?
MISHNA: A wise gentile, Proclus ben Plospus, once asked a question of Rabban Gamliel in the city of Akko when he was bathing in the bathhouse of the Greek god Aphrodite. Proclus said to him: It is written in your Torah: “And nothing of the proscribed items shall cleave to your hand” (Deuteronomy 13:18). For what reason do you bathe before an idol in the bathhouse of Aphrodite?
אָמַר לוֹ: אֵין מְשִׁיבִין בַּמֶּרְחָץ. וּכְשֶׁיָּצָא אָמַר לוֹ: אֲנִי לֹא בָּאתִי בִּגְבוּלָהּ, הִיא בָּאָה בִּגְבוּלִי. אֵין אוֹמְרִים: נַעֲשָׂה מֶרְחָץ נוֹי לְאַפְרוֹדִיטֵי, אֶלָּא אוֹמֵר: נַעֲשָׂה אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי נוֹי לַמֶּרְחָץ.
Rabban Gamliel said to him: One may not answer questions related to Torah in the bathhouse. And when he left the bathhouse, Rabban Gamliel gave him several answers. He said to him: I did not come into its domain; it came into my domain. The bathhouse existed before the statue dedicated to Aphrodite was erected. Furthermore, people do not say: Let us make a bathhouse as an adornment for Aphrodite; rather, they say: Let us make a statue of Aphrodite as an adornment for the bathhouse. Therefore, the main structure is not the Aphrodite statue, but the bathhouse.
דָּבָר אַחֵר: אִם נוֹתְנִים לְךָ מָמוֹן הַרְבֵּה, אִי אַתָּה נִכְנָס לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁלְּךָ עָרוֹם וּבַעַל קֶרִי וּמַשְׁתִּין בְּפָנֶיהָ, זוֹ עוֹמֶדֶת עַל פִּי הַבִּיב וְכׇל הָעָם מַשְׁתִּינִין לְפָנֶיהָ, לֹא נֶאֱמַר אֶלָּא ״אֱלֹהֵיהֶם״ — אֶת שֶׁנּוֹהֵג בּוֹ מִשּׁוּם אֱלוֹהַּ — אָסוּר, אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ נוֹהֵג בּוֹ מִשּׁוּם אֱלוֹהַּ — מוּתָּר.
Rabban Gamliel continued: Alternatively, there is another answer: Even if people would give you a lot of money, you would not enter before your object of idol worship naked, or as one who experienced a seminal emission who comes to the bathhouse to purify himself, nor would you urinate before it. This statue stands upon the sewage pipe and all the people urinate before it. There is no prohibition in this case, as it is stated in the verse only: “Their gods” (see Deuteronomy 12:2), which indicates that a statue that people treat as a deity is forbidden, but one that people do not treat with the respect that is due to a deity is permitted.
גְּמָ׳ וְהֵיכִי עָבֵיד הָכִי? וְהָאָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: בְּכׇל מָקוֹם מוּתָּר לְהַרְהֵר, חוּץ מִבֵּית הַמֶּרְחָץ וּמִבֵּית הַכִּסֵּא!
GEMARA: The mishna relates that Rabban Gamliel first told Proclus that he cannot answer a question related to Torah in a bathhouse. The Gemara asks: And how could he have acted in this manner? How could Rabban Gamliel have stated even this halakha in the bathhouse? But doesn’t Rabba bar bar Ḥana say that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: It is permitted to contemplate matters of Torah everywhere except for the bathhouse and the bathroom?
וְכִי תֵּימָא: בִּלְשׁוֹן חוֹל אֲמַר לֵיהּ, וְהָאָמַר אַבָּיֵי: דְּבָרִים שֶׁל חוֹל מוּתָּר לְאוֹמְרָן בִּלְשׁוֹן קֹדֶשׁ, דְּבָרִים שֶׁל קֹדֶשׁ אָסוּר לְאוֹמְרָן בִּלְשׁוֹן חוֹל!
And if you would say that Rabban Gamliel stated this ruling to him in a secular language, and therefore it was permitted for him to do so, this would not be a satisfactory answer; but doesn’t Abaye say that it is permitted to say secular statements in a bathhouse or bathroom in the sacred tongue, Hebrew, but it is prohibited to say sacred, Torah-related, statements even in a secular language in a bathhouse or bathroom?
תָּנָא: כְּשֶׁיָּצָא, אָמַר לוֹ: אֵין מְשִׁיבִין בַּמֶּרְחָץ.
The Gemara answers that the mishna actually taught as follows: When he left the bathhouse, Rabban Gamliel said to him: One may not answer questions related to Torah in the bathhouse.
אָמַר רַב חָמָא בַּר יוֹסֵף בְּרַבִּי, אָמַר רַבִּי אוֹשַׁעְיָא: תְּשׁוּבָה גְּנוּבָה הֱשִׁיבוֹ רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל לְאוֹתוֹ הֶגְמוֹן, וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה.
§ Rav Ḥama bar Yosef the Distinguished says that Rabbi Oshaya says: Rabban Gamliel gave a deceptive response to that officer, Proclus. And I, Rav Ḥama, say that the response was not deceptive but truthful.
מָה גְּנוּבְתַּיהּ? דְּקָאָמַר לוֹ: זוֹ עוֹמֶדֶת עַל פִּי הַבִּיב וְכׇל אָדָם מַשְׁתִּין בְּפָנֶיהָ. וְכִי מַשְׁתִּין בְּפָנֶיהָ מַאי הָוֵי? וְהָאָמַר רָבָא: פְּעוֹר יוֹכִיחַ, שֶׁמְּפַעֲרִין לְפָנָיו בְּכׇל יוֹם וְאֵינוֹ בָּטֵל.
The Gemara explains: What was its deception, according to Rabbi Oshaya? It was that Rabban Gamliel said to him: This statue stands upon the sewage pipe and all people urinate before it. In saying this, Rabban Gamliel meant that the statue has no idolatrous status as is evident from the demeaning conduct performed before it. And this claim is deceptive, as even if one urinates before it, what of it? Does that really negate its idolatrous status? But doesn’t Rava say that the idol of Peor proves the contrary, as its worshippers defecate before it daily, and its idolatrous status still is not revoked?
וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה, זוֹ עֲבוֹדָתָהּ בְּכָךְ, וְזוֹ אֵין עֲבוֹדָתָהּ בְּכָךְ.
Rav Ḥama bar Yosef himself disagrees: And I say that it is not a deceptive answer. With regard to that idol, Peor, its standard manner of worship is in that manner; therefore, its status is certainly not revoked by that behavior. But with regard to this statue, Aphrodite, its standard manner of worship is not in that manner. Therefore, the display of demeaning conduct in its presence is indicative of a lack of reverence for it and of its lack of idolatrous status.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: גְּנוּבְתַּהּ מֵהָכָא, דְּקָאָמַר לֵיהּ: אֲנִי לֹא בָּאתִי בִּגְבוּלָהּ וְהִיא בָּאָה בִּגְבוּלִי. וְכִי בָּא בִּגְבוּלָהּ מַאי הָוֵי? וְהָתְנַן: עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ מֶרְחָץ אוֹ גִינָּה — נֶהֱנִין מֵהֶן שֶׁלֹּא בְּטוֹבָה, וְאֵין נֶהֱנִין מֵהֶן בְּטוֹבָה.
Abaye said: The deception in Rabban Gamliel’s response was from here, when he said to him: I did not come into its domain, but rather it came into my domain. He explains: And even if it, the bathhouse, had come into its domain, what of it? Even if the idol had preceded the bathhouse, it would still not render use of the bathhouse prohibited; but didn’t we learn in a mishna (51b): With regard to an object of idol worship that has a bathhouse or a garden in front of it, one may derive benefit from the bathhouse or garden without showing favor by giving thanks or payment to its priests, but one may not derive benefit from it while showing it favor? Rabban Gamliel’s answer was therefore deceptive because the permissibility of using the bathhouse had nothing to do with its antecedence to the statue.
וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה, שֶׁלֹּא בְּטוֹבַת רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל כִּבְטוֹבַת אֲחֵרִים דָּמֵי.
Rav Ḥama bar Yosef himself disagrees: And I say that it is not a deceptive answer, as even though Rabban Gamliel visited the bathhouse without showing favor by expressing thanks or giving payment, the very fact that such an esteemed visitor paid it a visit is the equivalent of others actively showing favor.
רַב שִׁימִי בַּר חִיָּיא אָמַר: גְּנוּבְתַּהּ מֵהָכָא, דְּקָאָמַר לוֹ: זוֹ עוֹמֶדֶת עַל הַבִּיב וְכׇל אָדָם מַשְׁתִּינִין בְּפָנֶיהָ. וְכִי מַשְׁתִּינִין בְּפָנֶיהָ מַאי הָוֵי? וְהָתְנַן: רָק בְּפָנֶיהָ, הִשְׁתִּין בְּפָנֶיהָ, גֵּירְרָה, וְזָרַק בָּהּ אֶת הַצּוֹאָה — הֲרֵי זוֹ אֵינָהּ בְּטֵילָה.
Rav Shimi bar Ḥiyya says: The deception in Rabban Gamliel’s response was from here, when he said to him: This statue stands upon the sewage pipe and all people urinate before it. He explains: And if people urinate before it, what of it? That does not indicate a lack of idolatrous status; but didn’t we learn in a mishna (53a): If one spit in front of it, urinated in front of it, dragged it, or threw feces at it, its status as an object of idol worship is not revoked?
וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה, הָתָם — לְפִי שַׁעְתָּא הוּא רָתַח עֲלַהּ, וַהֲדַר מְפַיֵּיס לַהּ, הָכָא — כֹּל שַׁעְתָּא וְשַׁעְתָּא בְּזִלְזוּלַהּ קָיְימָא.
Rav Ḥama bar Yosef himself disagrees: And I say that it is not a deceptive answer. There, the case of that mishna is of one who temporarily rages against the idol, and afterward he appeases it. Here, in the case of the Aphrodite statue erected on the sewage pipe, each and every hour the statue remains in a constant state of disparagement. This setup indicates a permanent lack of reverence and an absence of true idolatrous status.
רַבָּה בַּר עוּלָּא אָמַר: גְּנוּבְתַּהּ מֵהָכָא, דְּקָאָמַר לֵיהּ, אֵין אוֹמְרִין: נַעֲשָׂה מֶרְחָץ נוֹי לְאַפְרוֹדִיטֵי, אֶלָּא: נַעֲשָׂה אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי נוֹי לַמֶּרְחָץ; וְכִי אָמַר ״נַעֲשָׂה מֶרְחָץ לְאַפְרוֹדִיטֵי נוֹי״ מַאי הָוֵי? וְהָתַנְיָא: הָאוֹמֵר ״בַּיִת זֶה לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה״, ״כּוֹס זֶה לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה״ — לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם, שֶׁאֵין הֶקְדֵּשׁ לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה.
Rabba bar Ulla said: The deception in Rabban Gamliel’s response was from here, when he said to him that people do not say: Let us make a bathhouse as an adornment for Aphrodite; rather, they say: Let us make a statue of Aphrodite as an adornment for the bathhouse. He explains: And even if people say: Let us make a bathhouse as an adornment for Aphrodite, what of it? But isn’t it taught in a baraita: In the case of one who says: This house is hereby dedicated to idol worship, or: This cup is hereby dedicated to idol worship, he has said nothing, i.e., his words take no effect, as there is no halakha of consecration with regard to objects of idol worship. While one can consecrate an item to the Temple through verbal designation, there is no such method for according idolatrous status to an object. Therefore, Rabban Gamliel’s deception lies in his indication that such a formulation would render the bathhouse forbidden as an object of idol worship.
וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה, נְהִי דְּאִיתְּסוֹרֵי לָא מִיתַּסְרָא, נוֹי מִיהָא אִיכָּא.
Rav Ḥama bar Yosef himself disagrees: And I say that it is not a deceptive answer. Although the bathhouse would not be rendered forbidden as an object of idol worship due to a verbal designation, it would at least have the status of an adornment of an object of idol worship, which is also forbidden.
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I began learning with Rabbanit Michelle’s wonderful Talmud Skills class on Pesachim, which really enriched my Pesach seder, and I have been learning Daf Yomi off and on over the past year. Because I’m relatively new at this, there is a “chiddush” for me every time I learn, and the knowledge and insights of the group members add so much to my experience. I feel very lucky to be a part of this.
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I started learning Daf Yomi in January 2020 after watching my grandfather, Mayer Penstein z”l, finish shas with the previous cycle. My grandfather made learning so much fun was so proud that his grandchildren wanted to join him. I was also inspired by Ilana Kurshan’s book, If All the Seas Were Ink. Two years in, I can say that it has enriched my life in so many ways.
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I started my journey on the day I realized that the Siyum was happening in Yerushalayim and I was missing out. What? I told myself. How could I have not known about this? How can I have missed out on this opportunity? I decided that moment, I would start Daf Yomi and Nach Yomi the very next day. I am so grateful to Hadran. I am changed forever because I learn Gemara with women. Thank you.
Linda Brownstein
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As Jewish educator and as a woman, I’m mindful that Talmud has been kept from women for many centuries. Now that we are privileged to learn, and learning is so accessible, it’s my intent to complete Daf Yomi. I am so excited to keep learning with my Hadran community.
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אפרת, Israel
After experiences over the years of asking to join gemara shiurim for men and either being refused by the maggid shiur or being the only women there, sometimes behind a mechitza, I found out about Hadran sometime during the tail end of Masechet Shabbat, I think. Life has been much better since then.
Madeline Cohen
London, United Kingdom
It’s hard to believe it has been over two years. Daf yomi has changed my life in so many ways and has been sustaining during this global sea change. Each day means learning something new, digging a little deeper, adding another lens, seeing worlds with new eyes. Daf has also fostered new friendships and deepened childhood connections, as long time friends have unexpectedly become havruta.
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I started learning Daf Yomi because my sister, Ruth Leah Kahan, attended Michelle’s class in person and suggested I listen remotely. She always sat near Michelle and spoke up during class so that I could hear her voice. Our mom had just died unexpectedly and it made me feel connected to hear Ruth Leah’s voice, and now to know we are both listening to the same thing daily, continents apart.
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When I began the previous cycle, I promised myself that if I stuck with it, I would reward myself with a trip to Israel. Little did I know that the trip would involve attending the first ever women’s siyum and being inspired by so many learners. I am now over 2 years into my second cycle and being part of this large, diverse, fascinating learning family has enhanced my learning exponentially.
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Hadran entered my life after the last Siyum Hashaas, January 2020. I was inspired and challenged simultaneously, having never thought of learning Gemara. With my family’s encouragement, I googled “daf yomi for women”. A perfecr fit!
I especially enjoy when Rabbanit Michelle connects the daf to contemporary issues to share at the shabbat table e.g: looking at the Kohen during duchaning. Toda rabba
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I started learning Dec 2019 after reading “If all the Seas Were Ink”. I found
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Dover Heights, Australia
I began my journey two years ago at the beginning of this cycle of the daf yomi. It has been an incredible, challenging experience and has given me a new perspective of Torah Sh’baal Peh and the role it plays in our lives
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I started learning Jan 2020 when I heard the new cycle was starting. I had tried during the last cycle and didn’t make it past a few weeks. Learning online from old men didn’t speak to my soul and I knew Talmud had to be a soul journey for me. Enter Hadran! Talmud from Rabbanit Michelle Farber from a woman’s perspective, a mother’s perspective and a modern perspective. Motivated to continue!
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I had no formal learning in Talmud until I began my studies in the Joint Program where in 1976 I was one of the few, if not the only, woman talmud major. It was superior training for law school and enabled me to approach my legal studies with a foundation . In 2018, I began daf yomi listening to Rabbanit MIchelle’s pod cast and my daily talmud studies are one of the highlights of my life.
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My husband learns Daf, my son learns Daf, my son-in-law learns Daf.
When I read about Hadran’s Siyyum HaShas 2 years ago, I thought- I can learn Daf too!
I had learned Gemara in Hillel HS in NJ, & I remembered loving it.
Rabbanit Michelle & Hadran have opened my eyes & expanding my learning so much in the past few years. We can now discuss Gemara as a family.
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Brooklyn, NY, United States
Avodah Zarah 44
אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם אֶת הָעֵגֶל לָקַחְתִּי וָאֶשְׂרֹף אֹתוֹ בָּאֵשׁ וָאֶכֹּת אֹתוֹ טָחוֹן הֵיטֵב עַד אֲשֶׁר דַּק לְעָפָר וָאַשְׁלִךְ אֶת עֲפָרוֹ אֶל הַנַּחַל הַיֹּרֵד מִן הָהָר״!
the calf that you had made, I took and burned it with fire, and beat it in pieces, grinding it very small, until it was as fine as dust; and I cast its dust into the brook that descended out of the mount” (Deuteronomy 9:21)? Moses, who ground up the idolatrous golden calf and dispersed its dust, was apparently unconcerned with the fact that it may fertilize the soil.
אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה? הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וַיִּזֶר עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם וַיַּשְׁקְ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״, לֹא נִתְכַּוֵּין אֶלָּא לְבוֹדְקָן כְּסוֹטוֹת.
The Rabbis said to him: You seek to bring proof from there? Doesn’t it state in the verse: “And he took the calf that they had made, and burned it with fire, and ground it to powder, and strewed it upon the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it” (Exodus 32:20)? Moses ground up the calf intending only to inspect them like sota women, i.e., like a woman suspected by her husband of having been unfaithful. Such a woman is compelled to drink water containing the ground-up ink from a scroll of Torah passages relating to a sota woman, which causes her to die if she was unfaithful, and exonerates her and bestows blessings upon her if she was faithful. Similarly, Moses ground up the calf in order to compel the people to drink, to cause the guilty parties to die.
אָמַר לָהֶם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי: וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר ״וְגַם אֶת מַעֲכָה אִמּוֹ הֱסִירָהּ מִגְּבִירָה אֲשֶׁר עָשְׂתָה מִפְלַצְתָּהּ וְגוֹ׳ וַיָּדֶק וַיִּשְׂרֹף בְּנַחַל קִדְרוֹן״! אָמַר לוֹ: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה? נַחַל קִדְרוֹן אֵינוֹ מְגַדֵּל צְמָחִין!
Rabbi Yosei said to them: But isn’t it already stated concerning Asa: “And he also removed Maacah his mother from being queen, because she had made an abominable image [miflatztah] for an ashera; and Asa cut down her image, and burned it at the Kidron River” (see I Kings 15:13)? It seems that Asa was unconcerned that the ground-up idol may provide fertilization. They said to him: You seek to bring proof from there? The Kidron River does not grow vegetation, so even if the idol would have fertilized the soil, it would have been of no benefit.
וְלָא? וְהָתַנְיָא: אֵלּוּ וְאֵלּוּ מִתְעָרְבִין בְּאַמָּה, וְיוֹצְאִין לְנַחַל קִדְרוֹן, וְנִמְכָּרִין לְגַנָּנִין לְזֶבֶל, וּמוֹעֲלִין בָּהֶן! מְקוֹמוֹת מְקוֹמוֹת יֵשׁ בּוֹ: יֵשׁ מָקוֹם מְגַדֵּל צְמָחִין, וְיֵשׁ מָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין מְגַדֵּל צְמָחִין.
The Gemara asks: And does the Kidron River not grow vegetation? But isn’t it taught in a mishna (Yoma 58b): This remainder of blood from the external altar and that remainder of blood from the inner altar are mixed in the Temple courtyard drain beneath the altar, and they flow out with the water used to rinse the area, to the Kidron River, and this water is sold to gardeners for use as fertilizer? The mishna continues: The gardeners pay for this water and thereby desacralize it, and failure to do so would render them liable for misuse of consecrated property. This is explicit proof that the Kidron River does yield produce. The Gemara answers: There are different places in the Kidron River area. There is a place that grows vegetation, and there is a place that does not grow vegetation.
מַאי ״מִפְלַצְתָּהּ״? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: דַּהֲוָה מַפְלְיָא לֵיצָנוּתָא, כִּדְתָנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף: כְּמִין זַכְרוּת עָשְׂתָה לָהּ, וְהָיְתָה נִבְעֶלֶת לוֹ בְּכׇל יוֹם.
The Gemara tangentially inquires about the meaning of a word in the verse quoted above. What is the meaning of “miflatztah”? Rav Yehuda says: It means an object that intensifies [mafli] licentiousness [leitzanuta]; as Rabbi Yosef teaches: Maacah fashioned upon the idol the likeness of a male organ, and she would engage in sexual activity with it daily.
אָמַר לָהֶן רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר: ״וְכִתַּת נְחַשׁ נְחֹשֶׁת אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה״!
The baraita continues: Rabbi Yosei attempts to cite another proof that grinding an object of idol worship is sufficient, from Hezekiah’s destruction of Moses’ serpent, which was worshipped by the Jewish people in Hezekiah’s time. Rabbi Yosei said to them: But isn’t it already stated: “And he broke into pieces the brazen serpent that Moses had made; as until those days the children of Israel sacrificed to it” (II Kings 18:4)? This indicates that breaking an object of idol worship into pieces suffices.
אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה? הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר ״וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ אֶל מֹשֶׁה עֲשֵׂה לְךָ שָׂרָף״, ״לְךָ״ — מִשֶּׁלְּךָ, וְאֵין אָדָם אוֹסֵר דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ, וְהָתָם בְּדִין הוּא דְּכַתּוֹתֵי לָא הֲוָה צְרִיךְ.
The Rabbis said to him: You seek to bring proof from there? Doesn’t it state in the verse: “And the Lord said to Moses: Make you a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole; and it shall come to pass, that everyone that is bitten, when he sees it, shall live” (Numbers 21:8)? The term “make you” is interpreted to mean that the Lord commanded Moses: Make the serpent from your property. Consequently, the serpent belonged to Moses, and the principle in such a case is that a person does not render forbidden an item that is not his. Therefore, despite worshipping the serpent, the Jewish people could not render it a forbidden object of idol worship, and by right, it was not necessary to demolish it there.
אֶלָּא, כֵּיוָן דַּחֲזָא דְּקָא טָעוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּתְרֵיהּ, עָמַד וְכִיתָּתוֹ.
Rather, despite the fact that the serpent did not have the halakhic status of an object of idol worship, since Hezekiah saw that the Jewish people were straying after it, he arose and demolished it. Nevertheless, since this demolishing was not done in order to fulfill the obligation to eradicate objects of idol worship, but merely to prevent its worship, breaking it into pieces was sufficient.
אָמַר לָהֶם, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר: ״וַיַּעַזְבוּ שָׁם אֶת עֲצַבֵּיהֶם וַיִּשָּׂאֵם דָּוִד וַאֲנָשָׁיו״, וּמַאי מַשְׁמַע דְּהַאי ״וַיִּשָּׂאֵם דָּוִד״ לִישָּׁנָא דְּזָרוֹיֵי הוּא? כְּדִמְתַרְגֵּם רַב יוֹסֵף: ״תִּזְרֵם וְרוּחַ תִּשָּׂאֵם״, וּמְתַרְגְּמִינַן: תִּזְרֵינוּן וְרוּחַ תְּטַלְטְלִינּוּן.
Rabbi Yosei said to the Rabbis, citing another proof for his opinion: But isn’t it already stated: “And they left their images there, and David and his men took them away [vayyissa’em]” (II Samuel 5:21)? And from where may it be inferred that the meaning of this formulation: “Vayyissa’em David,” is winnowing, i.e., scattering in the wind? It is as Rav Yosef translates the verse: “Tizrem veruaḥ tissa’em” (Isaiah 41:16), and we translate it as follows: “You shall fan them, and the wind shall carry them away.” Apparently, this way of disposing of idolatrous objects is sufficient.
אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה? הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר ״וַיִּשָּׂרְפוּ בָּאֵשׁ״, וּמִדְּלָא כְּתִיב ״וַיִּשְׂרְפֵם וַיִּשָּׂאֵם״, שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ ״וַיִּשָּׂאֵם״ מַמָּשׁ.
The Rabbis said to him: You seek to bring proof from there? Doesn’t it state with regard to the same incident: “And they left their gods there; and David gave an order, and they were burned with fire” (I Chronicles 14:12)? And from the fact that it is not written here: And they burned them vayyissa’em, learn from it that the word vayyissa’em is not referring to scattering in the wind, but rather it should be understood literally, i.e., David and his men took the idols away; and it does not mean that they demolished and scattered them.
מִכׇּל מָקוֹם, קָשׁוּ קְרָאֵי אַהֲדָדֵי.
The Gemara asks: In any case, the verses contradict each other. The two accounts with regard to David’s disposal of the idols seem inconsistent. One states that his men took them away or scattered them, while the other recounts that they burned them.
כִּדְרַב הוּנָא, דְּרַב הוּנָא רָמֵי: כְּתִיב ״וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִד וַיִּשָּׂרְפוּ בָּאֵשׁ״, וּכְתִיב ״וַיִּשָּׂאֵם״!
The Gemara answers in accordance with the resolution of Rav Huna, as Rav Huna raises a contradiction between the verses, as follows: It is written: “And they left their gods there; and David gave an order, and they were burned with fire” (I Chronicles 14:12), and it is also written: “And David and his men took them away” (II Samuel 5:21).
לָא קַשְׁיָא, כָּאן — קוֹדֶם שֶׁבָּא אִיתַּי הַגִּיתִּי, כָּאן — לְאַחַר שֶׁבָּא אִיתַּי הַגִּיתִּי.
Rav Huna answers: It is not difficult. In the interim, Ittai the Gittite, who was a gentile, arrived, and David commanded him to revoke the idolatrous status of the idols, as only gentiles are capable of doing this. Here, the verse that states that they burned the idols describes their actions before Ittai the Gittite came, whereas there, the verse that indicates that they simply carried them away is referring to after Ittai the Gittite came and revoked their status as objects of idol worship, obviating the need to burn them.
דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּקַּח אֶת עֲטֶרֶת מַלְכָּם מֵעַל רֹאשׁוֹ וּמִשְׁקָלָהּ כִּכַּר זָהָב״, וּמִי שְׁרֵי? אִיסּוּרֵי הֲנָאָה נִינְהוּ! אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: אִיתַּי הַגִּיתִּי בָּא וּבִיטְּלָהּ.
Another difficulty is resolved by Ittai’s arrival; as it is written with regard to the Ammonite idol: “And he took the crown of Malcam from off his head, and its weight was a talent of gold, and in it were precious stones; and it was set on David’s head” (II Samuel 12:30). But is it permitted for David to wear the crown? Isn’t it an object of idol worship and therefore under the category of items from which deriving benefit is prohibited? Rav Naḥman says: Ittai the Gittite arrived and revoked its status as an object of idol worship.
מִשְׁקָלָהּ כִּכַּר זָהָב, הֵיכִי מָצֵי מַנַּח לַהּ? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: רְאוּיָה לָנוּחַ עַל רֹאשׁ דָּוִד. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר: אֶבֶן שׁוֹאֶבֶת הָיְתָה בָּהּ, דַּהֲוָת דָּרָא לַהּ. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר: אֶבֶן יְקָרָה הָיְתָה בָּהּ, שֶׁשָּׁוָה כִּכַּר זָהָב.
§ The Gemara discusses David’s crown. The verse states: “And its weight was a talent of gold.” As a talent is a very heavy weight, the Gemara asks: How could David place it on his head? Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: What is meant is not that it was actually placed on his head, but rather that it was fit to rest on David’s head, i.e., it fit the size of his head. Giving a different answer, Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, says: There was a lodestone in it that would hold it up, i.e., from which it was suspended. David sat and placed his head in it, giving the appearance that he was wearing it. Rabbi Elazar says: What is meant is not that it weighed a full talent of gold, but rather that there was a precious stone on it that was worth a talent of gold.
״זֹאת הָיְתָה לִּי כִּי פִקּוּדֶיךָ נָצָרְתִּי״ — מַאי קָאָמַר? הָכִי קָאָמַר: בִּשְׂכַר שֶׁפִּקּוּדֶיךָ נָצָרְתִּי, זֹאת הָיְתָה לִי לְעֵדוּת. מַאי עֵדוּתָהּ? אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: שֶׁהָיָה מַנִּיחָהּ בִּמְקוֹם תְּפִילִּין וְהוֹלַמְתּוֹ. וְהָא בָּעֵי אַנּוֹחֵי תְּפִילִּין! אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק: מָקוֹם יֵשׁ בָּרֹאשׁ שֶׁרָאוּי לְהַנִּיחַ בּוֹ שְׁתֵּי תְפִילִּין.
The Gemara asks with regard to the verse: “This I have had, as I have kept Your precepts” (Psalms 119:56): What is it saying? The Gemara answers that this is what the verse is saying: As reward for the fact that I kept your precepts, this crown was a testimony for me that I am fit to be king. What exactly was its testimony? Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: It was that David would place the crown on his head on the spot where one dons phylacteries, and it fit him perfectly. The Gemara asks: But how could he have worn the crown? Wasn’t he required to don phylacteries? Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak says: There is enough space on the part of the head that is fit for donning phylacteries for one to don two phylacteries.
״וַיּוֹצִיאוּ אֶת בֶּן הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיִּתְּנוּ עָלָיו אֶת הַנֵּזֶר וְאֶת הָעֵדוּת״, ״נֵזֶר״ — זוֹ כְּלִילָא, ״עֵדוּת״ — אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: עֵדוּת הוּא לְבֵית דָּוִד, שֶׁכׇּל הָרָאוּי לַמַּלְכוּת הוֹלַמְתּוֹ, וְכֹל שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לַמַּלְכוּת אֵין הוֹלַמְתּוֹ.
Similarly, it is stated with regard to Joash: “Then they brought out the king’s son, and put upon him the crown [hanezer] and the testimony, and made him king” (II Chronicles 23:11). “Nezer” is a crown. What was the “testimony”? Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: It is a testimony for the progeny of house of David that anyone who is fit for kingship, the crown fits him properly; and anyone who is unfit for kingship, the crown does not fit him properly.
״וַאֲדֹנִיָּה בֶן חַגִּית מִתְנַשֵּׂא לֵאמֹר אֲנִי אֶמְלֹךְ״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: שֶׁמִּתְנַשֵּׂא לְהוֹלְמוֹ וְלֹא הוֹלַמְתּוֹ.
Similarly, the verse states: “Now Adonijah, son of Haggith, exalted himself, saying: I will be king” (I Kings 1:5). Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: The term “exalted himself” teaches that he sought to have the crown fit him, but it did not fit him.
״וַיַּעַשׂ לוֹ רֶכֶב וּפָרָשִׁים וַחֲמִשִּׁים אִישׁ רָצִים לְפָנָיו״, מַאי רְבוּתַיְיהוּ? תָּנָא: כּוּלָּם נְטוּלֵי טְחוֹל וַחֲקוּקֵי כַּפּוֹת הָרַגְלַיִם הָיוּ.
The verse continues: “And he prepared for himself chariots and riders and fifty people to run before him” (I Kings 1:5). The Gemara asks: What is the novelty of these actions, since other wealthy people do the same, even if they are not the sons of kings with designs on the throne? It is taught in a baraita that what was unique was that the runners all had their spleens removed and had the soles of their feet hollowed, i.e., flesh from their feet was removed, and these two procedures enhanced their speed.
מַתְנִי׳ שָׁאַל פְּרוֹקְלוּס בֶּן פְּלוֹסְפוּס אֶת רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל בְּעַכּוֹ, שֶׁהָיָה רוֹחֵץ בַּמֶּרְחָץ שֶׁל אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כָּתוּב בְּתוֹרַתְכֶם ״לָא יִדְבַּק בְּיָדְךָ מְאוּמָה מִן הַחֵרֶם״, מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה רוֹחֵץ בְּמֶרְחָץ שֶׁל אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי?
MISHNA: A wise gentile, Proclus ben Plospus, once asked a question of Rabban Gamliel in the city of Akko when he was bathing in the bathhouse of the Greek god Aphrodite. Proclus said to him: It is written in your Torah: “And nothing of the proscribed items shall cleave to your hand” (Deuteronomy 13:18). For what reason do you bathe before an idol in the bathhouse of Aphrodite?
אָמַר לוֹ: אֵין מְשִׁיבִין בַּמֶּרְחָץ. וּכְשֶׁיָּצָא אָמַר לוֹ: אֲנִי לֹא בָּאתִי בִּגְבוּלָהּ, הִיא בָּאָה בִּגְבוּלִי. אֵין אוֹמְרִים: נַעֲשָׂה מֶרְחָץ נוֹי לְאַפְרוֹדִיטֵי, אֶלָּא אוֹמֵר: נַעֲשָׂה אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי נוֹי לַמֶּרְחָץ.
Rabban Gamliel said to him: One may not answer questions related to Torah in the bathhouse. And when he left the bathhouse, Rabban Gamliel gave him several answers. He said to him: I did not come into its domain; it came into my domain. The bathhouse existed before the statue dedicated to Aphrodite was erected. Furthermore, people do not say: Let us make a bathhouse as an adornment for Aphrodite; rather, they say: Let us make a statue of Aphrodite as an adornment for the bathhouse. Therefore, the main structure is not the Aphrodite statue, but the bathhouse.
דָּבָר אַחֵר: אִם נוֹתְנִים לְךָ מָמוֹן הַרְבֵּה, אִי אַתָּה נִכְנָס לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁלְּךָ עָרוֹם וּבַעַל קֶרִי וּמַשְׁתִּין בְּפָנֶיהָ, זוֹ עוֹמֶדֶת עַל פִּי הַבִּיב וְכׇל הָעָם מַשְׁתִּינִין לְפָנֶיהָ, לֹא נֶאֱמַר אֶלָּא ״אֱלֹהֵיהֶם״ — אֶת שֶׁנּוֹהֵג בּוֹ מִשּׁוּם אֱלוֹהַּ — אָסוּר, אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ נוֹהֵג בּוֹ מִשּׁוּם אֱלוֹהַּ — מוּתָּר.
Rabban Gamliel continued: Alternatively, there is another answer: Even if people would give you a lot of money, you would not enter before your object of idol worship naked, or as one who experienced a seminal emission who comes to the bathhouse to purify himself, nor would you urinate before it. This statue stands upon the sewage pipe and all the people urinate before it. There is no prohibition in this case, as it is stated in the verse only: “Their gods” (see Deuteronomy 12:2), which indicates that a statue that people treat as a deity is forbidden, but one that people do not treat with the respect that is due to a deity is permitted.
גְּמָ׳ וְהֵיכִי עָבֵיד הָכִי? וְהָאָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: בְּכׇל מָקוֹם מוּתָּר לְהַרְהֵר, חוּץ מִבֵּית הַמֶּרְחָץ וּמִבֵּית הַכִּסֵּא!
GEMARA: The mishna relates that Rabban Gamliel first told Proclus that he cannot answer a question related to Torah in a bathhouse. The Gemara asks: And how could he have acted in this manner? How could Rabban Gamliel have stated even this halakha in the bathhouse? But doesn’t Rabba bar bar Ḥana say that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: It is permitted to contemplate matters of Torah everywhere except for the bathhouse and the bathroom?
וְכִי תֵּימָא: בִּלְשׁוֹן חוֹל אֲמַר לֵיהּ, וְהָאָמַר אַבָּיֵי: דְּבָרִים שֶׁל חוֹל מוּתָּר לְאוֹמְרָן בִּלְשׁוֹן קֹדֶשׁ, דְּבָרִים שֶׁל קֹדֶשׁ אָסוּר לְאוֹמְרָן בִּלְשׁוֹן חוֹל!
And if you would say that Rabban Gamliel stated this ruling to him in a secular language, and therefore it was permitted for him to do so, this would not be a satisfactory answer; but doesn’t Abaye say that it is permitted to say secular statements in a bathhouse or bathroom in the sacred tongue, Hebrew, but it is prohibited to say sacred, Torah-related, statements even in a secular language in a bathhouse or bathroom?
תָּנָא: כְּשֶׁיָּצָא, אָמַר לוֹ: אֵין מְשִׁיבִין בַּמֶּרְחָץ.
The Gemara answers that the mishna actually taught as follows: When he left the bathhouse, Rabban Gamliel said to him: One may not answer questions related to Torah in the bathhouse.
אָמַר רַב חָמָא בַּר יוֹסֵף בְּרַבִּי, אָמַר רַבִּי אוֹשַׁעְיָא: תְּשׁוּבָה גְּנוּבָה הֱשִׁיבוֹ רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל לְאוֹתוֹ הֶגְמוֹן, וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה.
§ Rav Ḥama bar Yosef the Distinguished says that Rabbi Oshaya says: Rabban Gamliel gave a deceptive response to that officer, Proclus. And I, Rav Ḥama, say that the response was not deceptive but truthful.
מָה גְּנוּבְתַּיהּ? דְּקָאָמַר לוֹ: זוֹ עוֹמֶדֶת עַל פִּי הַבִּיב וְכׇל אָדָם מַשְׁתִּין בְּפָנֶיהָ. וְכִי מַשְׁתִּין בְּפָנֶיהָ מַאי הָוֵי? וְהָאָמַר רָבָא: פְּעוֹר יוֹכִיחַ, שֶׁמְּפַעֲרִין לְפָנָיו בְּכׇל יוֹם וְאֵינוֹ בָּטֵל.
The Gemara explains: What was its deception, according to Rabbi Oshaya? It was that Rabban Gamliel said to him: This statue stands upon the sewage pipe and all people urinate before it. In saying this, Rabban Gamliel meant that the statue has no idolatrous status as is evident from the demeaning conduct performed before it. And this claim is deceptive, as even if one urinates before it, what of it? Does that really negate its idolatrous status? But doesn’t Rava say that the idol of Peor proves the contrary, as its worshippers defecate before it daily, and its idolatrous status still is not revoked?
וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה, זוֹ עֲבוֹדָתָהּ בְּכָךְ, וְזוֹ אֵין עֲבוֹדָתָהּ בְּכָךְ.
Rav Ḥama bar Yosef himself disagrees: And I say that it is not a deceptive answer. With regard to that idol, Peor, its standard manner of worship is in that manner; therefore, its status is certainly not revoked by that behavior. But with regard to this statue, Aphrodite, its standard manner of worship is not in that manner. Therefore, the display of demeaning conduct in its presence is indicative of a lack of reverence for it and of its lack of idolatrous status.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: גְּנוּבְתַּהּ מֵהָכָא, דְּקָאָמַר לֵיהּ: אֲנִי לֹא בָּאתִי בִּגְבוּלָהּ וְהִיא בָּאָה בִּגְבוּלִי. וְכִי בָּא בִּגְבוּלָהּ מַאי הָוֵי? וְהָתְנַן: עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ מֶרְחָץ אוֹ גִינָּה — נֶהֱנִין מֵהֶן שֶׁלֹּא בְּטוֹבָה, וְאֵין נֶהֱנִין מֵהֶן בְּטוֹבָה.
Abaye said: The deception in Rabban Gamliel’s response was from here, when he said to him: I did not come into its domain, but rather it came into my domain. He explains: And even if it, the bathhouse, had come into its domain, what of it? Even if the idol had preceded the bathhouse, it would still not render use of the bathhouse prohibited; but didn’t we learn in a mishna (51b): With regard to an object of idol worship that has a bathhouse or a garden in front of it, one may derive benefit from the bathhouse or garden without showing favor by giving thanks or payment to its priests, but one may not derive benefit from it while showing it favor? Rabban Gamliel’s answer was therefore deceptive because the permissibility of using the bathhouse had nothing to do with its antecedence to the statue.
וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה, שֶׁלֹּא בְּטוֹבַת רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל כִּבְטוֹבַת אֲחֵרִים דָּמֵי.
Rav Ḥama bar Yosef himself disagrees: And I say that it is not a deceptive answer, as even though Rabban Gamliel visited the bathhouse without showing favor by expressing thanks or giving payment, the very fact that such an esteemed visitor paid it a visit is the equivalent of others actively showing favor.
רַב שִׁימִי בַּר חִיָּיא אָמַר: גְּנוּבְתַּהּ מֵהָכָא, דְּקָאָמַר לוֹ: זוֹ עוֹמֶדֶת עַל הַבִּיב וְכׇל אָדָם מַשְׁתִּינִין בְּפָנֶיהָ. וְכִי מַשְׁתִּינִין בְּפָנֶיהָ מַאי הָוֵי? וְהָתְנַן: רָק בְּפָנֶיהָ, הִשְׁתִּין בְּפָנֶיהָ, גֵּירְרָה, וְזָרַק בָּהּ אֶת הַצּוֹאָה — הֲרֵי זוֹ אֵינָהּ בְּטֵילָה.
Rav Shimi bar Ḥiyya says: The deception in Rabban Gamliel’s response was from here, when he said to him: This statue stands upon the sewage pipe and all people urinate before it. He explains: And if people urinate before it, what of it? That does not indicate a lack of idolatrous status; but didn’t we learn in a mishna (53a): If one spit in front of it, urinated in front of it, dragged it, or threw feces at it, its status as an object of idol worship is not revoked?
וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה, הָתָם — לְפִי שַׁעְתָּא הוּא רָתַח עֲלַהּ, וַהֲדַר מְפַיֵּיס לַהּ, הָכָא — כֹּל שַׁעְתָּא וְשַׁעְתָּא בְּזִלְזוּלַהּ קָיְימָא.
Rav Ḥama bar Yosef himself disagrees: And I say that it is not a deceptive answer. There, the case of that mishna is of one who temporarily rages against the idol, and afterward he appeases it. Here, in the case of the Aphrodite statue erected on the sewage pipe, each and every hour the statue remains in a constant state of disparagement. This setup indicates a permanent lack of reverence and an absence of true idolatrous status.
רַבָּה בַּר עוּלָּא אָמַר: גְּנוּבְתַּהּ מֵהָכָא, דְּקָאָמַר לֵיהּ, אֵין אוֹמְרִין: נַעֲשָׂה מֶרְחָץ נוֹי לְאַפְרוֹדִיטֵי, אֶלָּא: נַעֲשָׂה אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי נוֹי לַמֶּרְחָץ; וְכִי אָמַר ״נַעֲשָׂה מֶרְחָץ לְאַפְרוֹדִיטֵי נוֹי״ מַאי הָוֵי? וְהָתַנְיָא: הָאוֹמֵר ״בַּיִת זֶה לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה״, ״כּוֹס זֶה לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה״ — לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם, שֶׁאֵין הֶקְדֵּשׁ לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה.
Rabba bar Ulla said: The deception in Rabban Gamliel’s response was from here, when he said to him that people do not say: Let us make a bathhouse as an adornment for Aphrodite; rather, they say: Let us make a statue of Aphrodite as an adornment for the bathhouse. He explains: And even if people say: Let us make a bathhouse as an adornment for Aphrodite, what of it? But isn’t it taught in a baraita: In the case of one who says: This house is hereby dedicated to idol worship, or: This cup is hereby dedicated to idol worship, he has said nothing, i.e., his words take no effect, as there is no halakha of consecration with regard to objects of idol worship. While one can consecrate an item to the Temple through verbal designation, there is no such method for according idolatrous status to an object. Therefore, Rabban Gamliel’s deception lies in his indication that such a formulation would render the bathhouse forbidden as an object of idol worship.
וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אֵינָהּ גְּנוּבָה, נְהִי דְּאִיתְּסוֹרֵי לָא מִיתַּסְרָא, נוֹי מִיהָא אִיכָּא.
Rav Ḥama bar Yosef himself disagrees: And I say that it is not a deceptive answer. Although the bathhouse would not be rendered forbidden as an object of idol worship due to a verbal designation, it would at least have the status of an adornment of an object of idol worship, which is also forbidden.
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