From where do we derive that handles and parts that protect the item can make the item they are attached to impure and can also transfer impurity from the item they are attached to, to another food item? And from where do we derive that items that protect can join the amount needed for transferring impurities (and maybe also for becoming impure) by food but not by impurity of a dead animal?
Chullin 118
March 25, 2019 | י״ח באדר ב׳ תשע״ט
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Chullin 118
יָכוֹל הַנּוֹגֵעַ כְּנֶגֶד בָּשָׂר מֵאֲחוֹרָיו לֹא יְהֵא טָמֵא? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״יִטְמָא״.
One might have thought that only one who touches the flesh of the carcass becomes impure, but one who touches the external side of the hide of the carcass that is aligned with the flesh, but does not touch the flesh itself, does not become impure. Therefore, the verse states: “One who touches its carcass shall be impure until the evening” (Leviticus 11:39). It is derived from the term “shall be impure” that even one who touches the hide in this manner becomes impure.
מַאי קָאָמַר? אָמַר רָבָא, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ כְּדִי: חַסּוֹרֵי מִיחַסְּרָא וְהָכִי קָתָנֵי: ״בְּנִבְלָתָהּ״ – וְלֹא בְּעוֹר שֶׁאֵין עָלָיו כְּזַיִת בָּשָׂר, וְעוֹר מַשְׁלִימוֹ לִכְזַיִת.
The Gemara asks: What is the baraita saying? The first clause of the baraita teaches that the hide does not impart impurity of a carcass while the latter clause teaches that one who touches the hide does become impure with the impurity of a carcass. Rava said, and some say it unattributed: The baraita is incomplete and this is what it is teaching: The term “its carcass” teaches that one who touches the flesh of a carcass becomes impure but one who touches the hide of a carcass upon which there is not an olive-bulk of flesh does not become impure. And even if the volume of the hide together with the flesh adds up to an olive-bulk, the hide does not join together with the flesh to constitute the measure of an olive-bulk required to impart impurity of an animal carcass.
יָכוֹל שֶׁאֲנִי מוֹצִיא אַף עוֹר שֶׁיֵּשׁ עָלָיו כְּזַיִת בָּשָׂר, הַנּוֹגֵעַ כְּנֶגֶד בָּשָׂר מֵאֲחוֹרָיו יָכוֹל לֹא יְהֵא טָמֵא, וַאֲפִילּוּ מַעֲשֵׂה יָד נָמֵי לָא עָבֵיד.
One might have thought that I remove from the category of impurity of a carcass even a hide upon which there is an olive-bulk of flesh with regard to one who touches the external side of the hide of the carcass that is aligned with the flesh but does not touch the flesh itself. One might have thought that he does not become impure in such a case, and that the hide in this case does not even constitute a handle of the flesh, which would render one who touches it impure as though he touched the flesh itself.
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״יִטְמָא״.
Therefore, the verse states: “Shall be impure,” from which it is derived that even though an appendage that serves as protection for the flesh does not join together with the flesh to constitute the measure of an olive-bulk required to impart the impurity of animal carcasses, it is considered a handle of the flesh, which does impart impurity. Therefore, if there is an olive-bulk of flesh attached to the hide, one who touches the outside of the hide becomes impure, even if he did not touch the flesh.
תְּנַן הָתָם: כֹּל שֶׁהוּא יָד וְלֹא שׁוֹמֵר – טָמֵא וּמְטַמֵּא, וְאֵינוֹ מִצְטָרֵף.
§The Gemara discusses the transmission of impurity of food with regard to accessories that serve as a handle and that provide protection. We learned in a mishna there (Okatzin 1:1): With regard to any appendage that serves as a handle, i.e., a part that one holds while eating the food, but does not provide protection, the attached food becomes impure if the handle comes into contact with a source of impurity, and the handle transmits impurity from the attached food to other foods that come into contact with the handle. But the handle does not join together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
שׁוֹמֵר, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָד – טָמֵא וּמְטַמֵּא וּמִצְטָרֵף; לֹא יָד וְלֹא שׁוֹמֵר – לֹא טָמֵא וְלֹא מְטַמֵּא.
With regard to any appendage that provides protection, even if it does not serve as a handle, the attached food becomes impure if the protection comes into contact with an impure item, and the protection imparts impurity, and it also joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. With regard to an appendage that does not serve as a handle nor as protection, the attached food does not become impure if the appendage comes into contact with a source of impurity, nor does the appendage impart impurity. In addition, it does not join together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
יָדוֹת הֵיכָא כְּתִיבִי? דִּכְתִיב ״וְכִי יֻתַּן מַיִם עַל זֶרַע וְנָפַל מִנִּבְלָתָם עָלָיו טָמֵא הוּא לָכֶם״, ״לָכֶם״ – לְכֹל שֶׁבְּצׇרְכֵיכֶם, לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַיָּדוֹת.
The Gemara asks: Where is this halakha that handles are susceptible to and impart impurity written? The Gemara answers: As it is written with regard to the impurity of food: “But if water is put on the seed, and any of the carcass falls on it, it is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:38). It is derived from the term “for you” that any part needed for your use of the food is susceptible to impurity and imparts impurity, including the handles that facilitate the consumption of the food.
וּכְתִיב: ״וְכִי יָמוּת מִן הַבְּהֵמָה אֲשֶׁר הִיא לָכֶם״, ״לָכֶם״ – לְכֹל שֶׁבְּצׇרְכֵיכֶם, לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַיָּדוֹת, יָד לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא.
And furthermore it is written with regard to the impurity of a carcass: “And if any animal which is for you to consume dies, one who touches its carcass shall be impure until the evening” (Leviticus 11:39). The term “for you” indicates that any part needed for your use of the carcass imparts impurity, including the handles. One who touches the handle of an item that is impure with impurity of a carcass becomes impure as though he touched the carcass itself. These two verses teach that a handle transmits impurity both with regard to importing impurity into the attached food and with regard to exporting impurity from the attached food.
שׁוֹמֵר לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא – לָא צְרִיךְ קְרָא, קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִיָּד אָתֵי: וּמָה יָד, שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְגִינָּה – מַכְנֶסֶת וּמוֹצִיאָה, שׁוֹמֵר – לֹא כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן?
A verse is not needed to derive that protection both imports and exports impurity. This halakha is inferred a fortiori from the halakha of a handle: If a handle, which is treated more leniently than protection because it does not protect the food, nevertheless both imports and exports impurity, then with regard to protection, which is treated more stringently than a handle because it protects the food, should it not all the more so import and export impurity?
שׁוֹמֵר דִּכְתַב רַחֲמָנָא, לְמָה לִי? שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ לְצָרֵף.
Since this is so, why do I need the verse that the Merciful One writes from which it is derived that protection is considered part of the food with regard to ritual impurity, i.e., the verses: “Upon any sowing seed that is sown…It is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:37–38)? Conclude from these verses that protection not only imparts impurity, but even joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
וְאֵימָא: יָד לְהַכְנִיס וְלֹא לְהוֹצִיא, שׁוֹמֵר לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא, אֲבָל יָד לְהוֹצִיא וְשׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף – לָא.
The Gemara challenges: But say that these verses should be interpreted differently: A handle, which is treated more leniently than protection, is considered part of the food such that it imports but does not export impurity. Protection, which is treated more stringently than a handle, is considered like food to import and export impurity. But it is not derived that a handle exports impurity nor that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
יָד לְהַכְנִיס וְלֹא לְהוֹצִיא, לָא מָצֵית אָמְרַתְּ, הַשְׁתָּא עַיּוֹלֵי מְעַיְּילָא, אַפּוֹקֵי מִיבַּעְיָא?!
The Gemara explains: You cannot say that a handle is considered part of the food such that it imports but does not export impurity for the following reason: Now that the handle is considered part of the food with regard to importing impurity into the food, is it necessary to state that it exports impurity? If a handle can cause ritually pure food attached to it to become impure, certainly it can transmit the impurity of impure food attached to it to other foods. Consequently, since a handle both imports and exports impurity, it is inferred a fortiori that protection also imports and exports impurity. It is therefore derived from the verse concerning appendages that serve as protection that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
וְאֵימָא: יָד לְהוֹצִיא וְלֹא לְהַכְנִיס, שׁוֹמֵר לְהוֹצִיא וּלְהַכְנִיס, אֲבָל יָד לְהַכְנִיס וְשׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף – לָא.
The Gemara challenges: But say instead that a handle, which is treated more leniently than protection, is considered part of the food such that it exports but does not import impurity. Protection, which is treated more stringently than a handle, both exports and imports impurity. But it is not derived that a handle imports impurity nor that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
יָד יַתִּירָא כְּתִיב, ״תַּנּוּר וְכִירַיִם יוּתַּץ וְגוֹ׳״.
The Gemara explains: There is an additional derivation with regard to a handle, as it is written with regard to the impurity of vessels: “And everything upon which any part of their carcass falls shall be impure; whether an oven, or a range for pots, it shall be broken in pieces; they are impure, and shall be impure for you” (Leviticus 11:35).
לָכֶם״ – לְכֹל שֶׁבְּצׇרְכֵיכֶם, לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַיָּדוֹת.
It is derived from the term “for you” that any part needed for your use of a vessel has the impurity status of the vessel itself, including the handles. Therefore, if the vessel comes into contact with a source of impurity, the handle is considered part of the vessel and is also rendered impure. Consequently, there are two derivations with regard to a handle: One teaches that a handle imports impurity into the object to which it is attached, and the other teaches that a handle exports impurity from the object. It is derived through a fortiori inference from the halakha of a handle that protection both imports and exports impurity, and therefore the verse that states “Upon any sowing seed” teaches that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
הֵי מִינַּיְיהוּ מְיַיתַּר?
The Gemara asks: With regard to these three verses that are interpreted as referring to handles, one of which discusses the impurity of food, one of which discusses the impurity of vessels, and one of which discusses the impurity of carcasses, which of them is superfluous such that one can derive from it that a handle does not merely export impurity from the food but imports impurity to the food as well? All of these verses are necessary to teach that a handle exports impurity.
לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בִּזְרָעִים, וְלֵיתוֹ הָנָךְ מִינַּיְיהוּ – מָה לִזְרָעִים, שֶׁכֵּן טוּמְאָתָן מְרוּבָּה.
The Gemara elaborates on the question: Let the Merciful One write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of seeds, i.e., food, and let those matters, i.e., that it exports the impurity of vessels and animal carcasses, be derived from it. But one cannot infer from the impurity of food that a handle exports the impurity of vessels, as what is notable about seeds? It is notable in that they have a greater susceptibility to impurity. Food is susceptible to even second-degree impurity, whereas vessels are susceptible to only first-degree impurity. Likewise, one cannot derive from the impurity of food that a handle exports the impurity of an animal carcass because the impurity of food applies to more items, as is taught in the mishna that some items are susceptible to the impurity of food but not to the impurity of animal carcasses.
לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בְּתַנּוּר, וְלֵיתֵי הָנָךְ מִינֵּיהּ – מָה לְתַנּוּר, שֶׁכֵּן מְטַמֵּא מֵאֲוִירוֹ.
Let the Merciful One write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of an oven, i.e., vessels, and let those matters, i.e., that it exports the impurity of food and the impurity of an animal carcass, be derived from it. But this inference is also not valid, as what is notable about the impurity of an oven? It is notable in that a vessel transmits impurity to foods not only through contact but also through its airspace, whereas those other types of impurity do not share this element of stringency.
לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בִּנְבֵלָה, וְלֵיתֵי הָנָךְ מִינַּהּ – מָה לִנְבֵלָה שֶׁכֵּן מְטַמְּאָה אָדָם, וּמְטַמְּאָה בְּמַשָּׂא, וְטוּמְאָה יוֹצְאָה מִגּוּפָהּ.
Let the Merciful One write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of an animal carcass, and let those matters, i.e., that it exports the impurity of food and of vessels, be derived from it. But this inference is also not valid, as what is notable about the impurity of a carcass? It is notable in that a carcass transmits impurity to a person, and transmits impurity to one carrying the carcass even if he is not touching it, and its impurity emanates from its body and does not originate from an external source. Those other types of impurity do not share these elements of stringency.
חֲדָא מֵחֲדָא לָא אָתְיָא, תֵּיתֵי חֲדָא מִתַּרְתֵּי.
The Gemara answers: The halakha of one of these three types of ritual impurity cannot be derived from the halakha of any one of the others. Yet, one of the verses is still superfluous because one can derive the halakha of one of these three types from the other two.
הֵי תֵּיתֵי? לָא לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בִּזְרָעִים, וְתֵיתֵי מֵהָנָךְ! מָה לְהָנָךְ – שֶׁכֵּן מִטַּמְּאִין שֶׁלֹּא בְּהֶכְשֵׁר, תֹּאמַר בִּזְרָעִים – שֶׁאֵין מִטַּמְּאִין אֶלָּא בְּהֶכְשֵׁר!
The Gemara asks: Which can one derive from the other two? Let the Merciful One not write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of seeds, i.e., food, and derive this halakha from those two other cases, the impurity of carcasses and of vessels. But this inference is not valid, as what is notable about those cases? They are notable in that they become ritually impure without first being rendered susceptible to impurity by coming into contact with liquid. Shall you say the same halakha with regard to seeds, which do not share this element of stringency, as food can become impure only after first being rendered susceptible to impurity by coming into contact with liquid?
אָמַר רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: פֵּירוֹת שֶׁלֹּא הוּכְשְׁרוּ, כְּתַנּוּר שֶׁלֹּא נִגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתּוֹ דָּמֵי.
Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, said: This element of leniency is not unique to the impurity of food. Produce that is not rendered susceptible to impurity by coming into contact with liquid is equivalent to an oven whose construction is not complete. An oven whose construction is incomplete is also not susceptible to impurity.
אֶלָּא פָּרֵיךְ הָכִי: מָה לְהָנָךְ, שֶׁכֵּן מִטַּמְּאִין שֶׁלֹּא בִּנְגִיעָה, תֹּאמַר בִּזְרָעִים, שֶׁאֵין מִטַּמְּאִין אֶלָּא בִּנְגִיעָה!
Rather, refute this derivation in the following manner: What is notable about those cases of impurity of carcasses and vessels? They are notable in that they become impure even without contact. An oven becomes impure if a creeping animal is within its airspace, and the impurity of an animal carcass originates from its own body without contact with an external source. Shall you state the same halakha with regard to seeds, which become impure only through contact?
לָא לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בְּתַנּוּר, וְתֵיתֵי מֵהָנָךְ, מָה לְהָנָךְ שֶׁכֵּן אוֹכֶל.
Let the Merciful One not write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of an oven, i.e., vessels, and derive this halakha from those cases, the impurity of food and carcasses. But this derivation is not valid, as what is notable about those cases of the impurity of food and carcasses? They are notable in that they are food. Therefore, their halakhot cannot necessarily be applied to an oven and other vessels that are not food.
לָא לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בִּנְבֵלָה, וְתֵיתֵי מֵהָנָךְ? אִין הָכִי נָמֵי. אֶלָּא יָד דִּנְבֵלָה לְמָה לִי? אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְיַד נְבֵלָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְיָד דְּעָלְמָא.
Let the Merciful One not write that a handle exports impurity with regard to a carcass and derive this halakha from those cases of the impurity of food and vessels. The Gemara responds: Yes, it is indeed so. Rather, since one can derive in such a manner that a handle attached to a carcass imparts impurity, why do I need the verse to state the halakha of a handle with regard to the impurity of a carcass? If it is not needed for the matter of a handle with regard to the impurity of a carcass, apply it to the matter of a handle in general with regard to food, and derive from it that a handle imports impurity to the food.
יָד לְהַכְנִיס, יָד לְהוֹצִיא, שׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף.
Therefore, in summary, one can derive that a handle imports impurity and that a handle exports impurity, and one can infer that protection imports and exports impurity a fortiori from the halakha of a handle. It is therefore derived from the verse concerning protection that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
וְאַכַּתִּי, יָד דִּנְבֵלָה אִצְטְרִיךְ, דְּאִי לָא כְּתַב רַחֲמָנָא בִּנְבֵלָה, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא: דַּיּוֹ לַבָּא מִן הַדִּין לִהְיוֹת כַּנִּדּוֹן, מָה הָנָךְ לָא מְטַמּוּ אָדָם, אַף נְבֵלָה לָא מְטַמְּאָה אָדָם.
The Gemara challenges: But it is still necessary for the verse to state the halakha that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of a carcass; as, if the Merciful One had not written the halakha of a handle with regard to impurity of a carcass, I would say: It is sufficient for the conclusion that emerges from an a fortiori inference to be like its source. In this case, a halakha with regard to the impurity of carcasses which is inferred a fortiori from the cases of impurity of food and impurity of vessels is no more stringent than the source from which it is derived. Just as handles in these cases of impurity of food and vessels do not transmit impurity to a person, so too the handle of a carcass does not transmit impurity to a person. Therefore, the verse from which it is derived that a handle exports the impurity of a carcass is necessary, and cannot be applied to the matter of importing impurity.
אֶלָּא, יָד דִּנְבֵלָה מִיצְרָךְ צְרִיךְ, וְשׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה הוּא דְּלָא צְרִיךְ. לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא כַּתְבֵיהּ רַחֲמָנָא? אִי לְאִיצְטְרוֹפֵי – אָמְרַתְּ לָא מִצְטָרֵף, וּלְהוֹצִיא – קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִיָּד אָתֵי.
The Gemara answers: Rather, it is necessary for the verse to state the halakha of a handle with regard to the impurity of a carcass, but it is not necessary for the verse to state the halakha of protection with regard to the impurity of a carcass. With regard to what halakha does the Merciful One write that verse? If it is teaching that protection joins together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity, you said that protection does not join together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. And if it is teaching that protection exports the impurity of a carcass, it is not necessary to teach that, because that halakha is inferred a fortiori from the halakha of a handle.
אֶלָּא, אִם אֵין עִנְיָן לְשׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְיָד דִּנְבֵלָה, וְאִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְיָד דִּנְבֵלָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְיָד דְּעָלְמָא: יָד לְהוֹצִיא, יָד לְהַכְנִיס, וְשׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף.
Rather, if it is not needed for the matter of protection of a carcass, apply it to the matter of the handle of a carcass. And if it is not needed for the matter of a handle of a carcass, apply it to the matter of a handle in general, and derive from it that a handle imports impurity. Therefore, in summary, one can derive that a handle exports impurity and that a handle imports impurity, and one can derive from the verse concerning protection with regard to the impurity of food that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
וְאֵימָא: אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְשׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְשׁוֹמֵר דְּעָלְמָא, שׁוֹמֵר לְהַכְנִיס וְשׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף, אֲבָל יָד לְהַכְנִיס לֹא!
The Gemara asks: Why is it assumed that if the verse is not needed for the matter of protection of a carcass, it should be applied to the matter of a handle in general? Say that if the verse is not needed for the matter of protection of a carcass, apply it to the matter of protection in general with regard to food. Although it is already written: “Upon any sowing seed” (Leviticus 11:37), two verses are necessary to teach the halakha of protection with regard to food: One verse to teach that protection imports impurity and one to teach that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. But there is no source from which to derive that a handle imports impurity.
אֶלָּא, מֵעִיקָּרָא כִּי כְּתִיבָא יָד, אַהַכְנָסָה כְּתִיבָא.
The Gemara answers: The halakha that a handle imports impurity is not derived from the superfluous verse written with regard to the impurity of a carcass. Rather, it is necessary to return to the explanation that was initially proposed, i.e., that it is written with regard to the impurity of food: “It is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:38), from which it is derived that any part needed for your use of the food imparts impurity, including handles. It was asked with regard to this derivation: Say that this verse teaches that a handle exports impurity but not that it imports impurity. The Gemara suggests: That question is not difficult. From the outset, when the halakha of a handle is written: “But if water is put upon the seed, and any of their carcass falls on it, it is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:38), it is written in the context of importing impurity. Therefore, it is inferred a fortiori that a handle exports impurity from the halakha that it imports impurity, and it is derived a fortiori from the halakhot of a handle that protection both imports and exports impurity. It is also derived that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity from that which is written: “On any sowing seed.”
אֶלָּא שׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה, לְמָה לִי? לְגוּפֵיהּ.
The Gemara asks: But if that is so, why do I need the verse to teach the halakha of protection with regard to a carcass, as it is written: “Shall be impure” (Leviticus 11:39)? The Gemara answers: It is necessary for the matter itself, to teach that the halakha of protection is applicable to the impurity of a carcass.
וּלְמַאי? אִי לְאִצְטְרוֹפֵי – אָמְרַתְּ לָא מִצְטָרֵף! אִי לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא – קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִיָּד אָתְיָא! מִילְּתָא דְּאָתְיָא בְּקַל וְחוֹמֶר – טָרַח וְכָתַב לַהּ קְרָא.
The Gemara asks: And with regard to what halakha is this taught? If it teaches that protection joins together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity, you said in the mishna that protection does not join together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. If it teaches that protection imports and exports the impurity of a carcass, it is not necessary for the verse to teach this halakha because it is inferred a fortiori from the halakhot of a handle. The Gemara answers: Sometimes there is a matter that could be inferred a fortiori, and the verse nevertheless takes the trouble and writes it explicitly.
אִי הָכִי, שׁוֹמֵר דְּעָלְמָא, אֵימָא לָךְ: לְהַכְנִיס, וּמִלְּתָא דְּאָתֵי בְּקַל וָחוֹמֶר – טָרַח וְכָתַב לַהּ קְרָא.
The Gemara objects: If so, one may ask: With regard to protection in general, i.e., with regard to food, it was established that the verse is not necessary to teach that it imports and exports impurity, and therefore the verse teaches that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. I will say to you instead that the verse teaches that protection imports impurity, and the reason that the verse teaches this halakha even though it could be inferred a fortiori is because sometimes there is a matter that could be inferred a fortiori and the verse nevertheless takes the trouble and writes it explicitly.
הֵיכָא דְּאִיכָּא לְמִידְרַשׁ, דָּרְשִׁינַן.
The Gemara answers: Where it is possible to interpret the verse in a manner that a novelty is derived, we interpret it in such a manner and do not maintain that the verse teaches that which could be inferred a fortiori.
רַב חֲבִיבָא אָמַר: שָׁאנֵי שׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה, כֵּיוָן דְּמַעֲשֵׂה יָד קָא עָבֵיד, אַיָּד שָׁדֵינַן לֵיהּ.
The Gemara returns to the previous proposal to derive that a handle imports impurity from the verse concerning protection of a carcass based on the reasoning that if the verse is not needed for the matter of protection of a carcass, it should be applied to the matter of a handle in general. Previously, the Gemara challenged this derivation: If the verse is not needed for the matter of protection for the impurity of a carcass, it should be applied to the matter of protection in general. Rav Ḥaviva said in response: The halakha of protection of a carcass is different because it imports and exports impurity but does not join together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. Since the protection serves as a handle in that it only imports and exports impurity, we apply its novelty to the halakhot of a handle and not to the halakhot of protection.
מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב יְהוּדָה בַּר יִשְׁמָעֵאל, הָא דִּתְנַן: הַפִּיטְמָא שֶׁל רִמּוֹן מִצְטָרֶפֶת, וְהַנֵּץ שֶׁלּוֹ אֵין מִצְטָרֵף.
§Previously it was derived that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity from that which is written: “On any sowing seed that is sown” (Leviticus 11:37), indicating that the entire seed is susceptible to ritual impurity when it is in a state where it is typical for people to take it out to the field for sowing, e.g., wheat and barley in their shells. Rav Yehuda bar Yishmael objects to this from that which we learned in a mishna (Okatzin 2:3): The protrusion of a pomegranate joins together with the pomegranate to constitute the measure of an egg-bulk that is required to impart impurity, because it provides protection for the fruit. But its flower does not join together with the pomegranate in that regard because it does not provide protection for the fruit; rather, it provides protection for the protection of the fruit.
וְאַמַּאי? קְרִי כָּאן ״עַל כׇּל זֶרַע זֵרוּעַ״, וְלֵיכָּא!
Rav Yehuda bar Yishmael asks: And why does the protrusion join together with the pomegranate to constitute an egg-bulk? Read here that the verse states: “On any sowing seed,” indicating that the entire seed is susceptible to ritual impurity when it is in a state where it is typically taken out to the field for sowing. But pomegranates are not typically taken out to the field for sowing with their protrusions, since they are usually planted in the field as seedlings.
וְתוּ, הָא דִּתְנַן: הָעוֹר וְהָרוֹטֶב וְהַקֵּיפֶה וְכוּ׳. מִצְטָרֵף לְטַמֵּא טוּמְאַת אֳכָלִים – מְנָלַן?
And furthermore, one can object to this derivation from that which we learned in the mishna: The hide and the congealed gravy attached to the meat, and the spices, and the meat residue, and the bones, and the tendons, and the lower section of the horns, and the section of the hooves, all join together with the meat to constitute the requisite egg-bulk to impart impurity of food. From where do we derive that these protections, although they are not sown together with the food, join together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity?
אֶלָּא תְּלָתָא קְרָאֵי כְּתִיבִי: ״עַל כׇּל זֶרַע״, ״זֵרוּעַ״, ״אֲשֶׁר יִזָּרֵעַ״, חַד לְשׁוֹמֵר דִּזְרָעִים, וְחַד לְשׁוֹמֵר דְּאִילָנוֹת, אִידַּךְ לְשׁוֹמֵר בָּשָׂר וּבֵיצִים וְדָגִים.
Rather, three terms with the root zayin, reish, ayin are written in the verse with regard to protection: “On any sowing [zerua] seed [zera] that is sown [yizzare’a].” One term is written to teach the halakha of protection with regard to seeds, and one is written to teach the halakha of protection with regard to trees, and the other term is written to teach the halakha of protection with regard to meat, and eggs, and fish. Accordingly, this halakha is not limited to protection that is sown together with the food.
אָמַר רַב חִיָּיא בַּר אָשֵׁי, אָמַר רַב: יֵשׁ יָד לְטוּמְאָה, וְאֵין יָד לְהֶכְשֵׁר.
§It is written: “And if anything falls from their carcass upon any sowing seed that is sown, it is pure. But if water is put upon the seed, and any of the carcass falls on it, it is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:37–38). Previously, the Gemara derived from this verse that an appendage that serves as a handle both imports impurity to and exports impurity from the food. In addition, the simple understanding teaches that food can become impure only after first being rendered susceptible to impurity by coming into contact with liquid. With regard to these two halakhot, Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi says that Rav says: There is significance to a handle with regard to importing and exporting impurity, i.e., a handle imports impurity to and exports impurity from to the attached food, but there is no significance to a handle with regard to rendering the attached food susceptible to impurity. Rather, the food itself must come into contact with liquid directly.
וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: יֵשׁ יָד לְטוּמְאָה וּלְהֶכְשֵׁר.
And Rabbi Yoḥanan says: There is significance to a handle with regard to importing impurity to and exporting impurity from the attached food, and with regard to rendering the attached food susceptible to impurity even if only the handle came into contact with liquid.
בְּמַאי קָמִיפַּלְגִי? אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא סְבָרָא, אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא קְרָא.
The Gemara clarifies: With regard to what do Rav and Rabbi Yoḥanan disagree? If you wish, say that they disagree with regard to a logical argument. If you wish, say that they disagree with regard to the interpretation of a verse.
אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא קְרָא, מָר סָבַר: מִקְרָא נִדְרָשׁ לְפָנָיו, וְלֹא לִפְנֵי פָנָיו.
The Gemara explains: If you wish, say that they disagree with regard to the interpretation of a verse. One Sage, Rav, holds that a verse is interpreted homiletically based on juxtaposition to the term immediately preceding it and not based on juxtaposition to the term before the one preceding it. In this case, the verse states: “For you,” indicating inclusion of a handle with regard to the matter of imparting impurity, which is stated in the preceding phrase: “It is impure,” but not with regard to the matter of rendering the attached food susceptible to impurity through contact with liquid which is stated before the preceding phrase: “If water is put.”
וּמָר סָבַר: מִקְרָא נִדְרָשׁ לְפָנָיו, וְלִפְנֵי פָנָיו.
And one Sage, Rabbi Yoḥanan, holds that a verse is interpreted homiletically based on juxtaposition to the term immediately preceding it, as well as to the term before the one preceding it. Therefore, he maintains that a handle can also render the attached food susceptible to impurity.
אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא סְבָרָא, מָר סָבַר: הֶכְשֵׁר תְּחִלַּת טוּמְאָה הוּא, וּמָר סָבַר: הֶכְשֵׁר לָאו תְּחִלַּת טוּמְאָה הוּא.
If you wish, say that they disagree with regard to a logical argument. One Sage, Rabbi Yoḥanan, holds that rendering food susceptible to impurity is the initial stage of the process of imparting impurity to it. Therefore, just as a handle imparts impurity, it can also render the food susceptible to impurity. And one Sage, Rav, holds that rendering food susceptible to impurity is not the initial stage of the process of imparting impurity.
תַּנְיָא כְּוָותֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כְּשֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ יָד לְטוּמְאָה, כָּךְ יֵשׁ יָד לְהֶכְשֵׁר, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁאֵין מְקַבְּלִין טוּמְאָה אֶלָּא לִכְשֶׁיִּתָּלְשׁוּ, כָּךְ אֵין מְקַבְּלִין הֶכְשֵׁר אֶלָּא עַד שֶׁיִּתָּלְשׁוּ.
It is taught in a baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Just as there is significance to a handle with regard to imparting impurity to food, so too there is significance to a handle with regard to rendering the attached food susceptible to impurity. And just as produce is susceptible to contracting impurity only when it is detached from the soil, so too produce cannot be rendered susceptible to impurity through contact with liquid until it is detached from the soil.
אָמַר רַב: אֵין יָד לְפָחוֹת מִכְּזַיִת, וְאֵין שׁוֹמֵר לְפָחוֹת מִכְּפוֹל.
§The Gemara cites another disagreement between Rav and Rabbi Yoḥanan. Rav says: There is no halakha of a handle with regard to imparting impurity for a handle that is attached to less than an olive-bulk of food. And there is no halakha of protection with regard to imparting impurity for protection that is attached to less than a bean-bulk of food. In addition, the protection does not join together with the food to constitute the measure of an egg-bulk required to impart the impurity of food.
וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: יֵשׁ יָד לְפָחוֹת מִכְּזַיִת, וְיֵשׁ שׁוֹמֵר לְפָחוֹת מִכְּפוֹל.
And Rabbi Yoḥanan says: There is a halakha of a handle with regard to imparting impurity for a handle that is attached to less than an olive-bulk of food. And there is a halakha of protection with regard to imparting impurity for protection that is attached to less than a bean-bulk of food. In addition, it joins together with the food to constitute the measure of an egg-bulk required to impart the impurity of food.
מֵיתִיבִי: שְׁתֵּי עֲצָמוֹת, וַעֲלֵיהֶן שְׁנֵי חֲצָאֵי זֵיתִים, וְהִכְנִיס רָאשֵׁיהֶן (שנים) [הַשְּׁנַיִם] לְבַיִת, וְהַבַּיִת מַאֲהִיל עֲלֵיהֶן – הַבַּיִת טָמֵא.
The Gemara raises an objection to the opinions of both Rav and Rabbi Yoḥanan from that which is taught in a Tosefta (Oholot 4:8): In a case of two bones that have two halves of an olive-bulk of flesh of a dead person upon them, i.e., half an olive-bulk of flesh is attached to one end of each bone, and one placed the ends of both bones that are not directly attached to the flesh inside a house in such a manner that the house overlies those ends of the bones but not the ends of the bones attached to the flesh, it is considered as though the house is overlying the flesh itself, and the house is impure.
יְהוּדָה בֶּן נָקוֹסָא אוֹמֵר מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב: הֵיאַךְ שְׁנֵי עֲצָמוֹת מִצְטָרְפִין לִכְזַיִת?
Yehuda ben Nekosa says in the name of Rabbi Ya’akov: How can two bones join together to constitute an olive-bulk if the flesh attached to each bone is less than the measure of an olive-bulk?
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Reena Slovin
Worcester, United States
I heard the new Daf Yomi cycle was starting and I was curious, so I searched online for a women’s class and was pleasently surprised to find Rabanit Michelle’s great class reviews in many online articles. It has been a splendid journey. It is a way to fill my days with Torah, learning so many amazing things I have never heard before during my Tanach learning at High School. Thanks so much .
Martha Tarazi
Panama, Panama
I started learning with rabbis. I needed to know more than the stories. My first teacher to show me “the way of the Talmud” as well as the stories was Samara Schwartz.
Michelle Farber started the new cycle 2 yrs ago and I jumped on for the ride.
I do not look back.
Jenifer Nech
Houston, United States
I decided to give daf yomi a try when I heard about the siyum hashas in 2020. Once the pandemic hit, the daily commitment gave my days some much-needed structure. There have been times when I’ve felt like quitting- especially when encountering very technical details in the text. But then I tell myself, “Look how much you’ve done. You can’t stop now!” So I keep going & my Koren bookshelf grows…
Miriam Eckstein-Koas
Huntington, United States
Attending the Siyyum in Jerusalem 26 months ago inspired me to become part of this community of learners. So many aspects of Jewish life have been illuminated by what we have learned in Seder Moed. My day is not complete without daf Yomi. I am so grateful to Rabbanit Michelle and the Hadran Community.
Nancy Kolodny
Newton, United States
I started to listen to Michelle’s podcasts four years ago. The minute I started I was hooked. I’m so excited to learn the entire Talmud, and think I will continue always. I chose the quote “while a woman is engaged in conversation she also holds the spindle”. (Megillah 14b). It reminds me of all of the amazing women I learn with every day who multi-task, think ahead and accomplish so much.
Julie Mendelsohn
Zichron Yakov, Israel
I was inspired to start learning after attending the 2020 siyum in Binyanei Hauma. It has been a great experience for me. It’s amazing to see the origins of stories I’ve heard and rituals I’ve participated in my whole life. Even when I don’t understand the daf itself, I believe that the commitment to learning every day is valuable and has multiple benefits. And there will be another daf tomorrow!
Khaya Eisenberg
Jerusalem, Israel
It happened without intent (so am I yotzei?!) – I watched the women’s siyum live and was so moved by it that the next morning, I tuned in to Rabbanit Michelle’s shiur, and here I am, still learning every day, over 2 years later. Some days it all goes over my head, but others I grasp onto an idea or a story, and I ‘get it’ and that’s the best feeling in the world. So proud to be a Hadran learner.
Jeanne Yael Klempner
Zichron Yaakov, Israel
Years ago, I attended the local Siyum HaShas with my high school class. It was inspiring! Through that cycle and the next one, I studied masekhtot on my own and then did “daf yomi practice.” The amazing Hadran Siyum HaShas event firmed my resolve to “really do” Daf Yomi this time. It has become a family goal. We’ve supported each other through challenges, and now we’re at the Siyum of Seder Moed!
Elisheva Brauner
Jerusalem, Israel
Chullin 118
יָכוֹל הַנּוֹגֵעַ כְּנֶגֶד בָּשָׂר מֵאֲחוֹרָיו לֹא יְהֵא טָמֵא? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״יִטְמָא״.
One might have thought that only one who touches the flesh of the carcass becomes impure, but one who touches the external side of the hide of the carcass that is aligned with the flesh, but does not touch the flesh itself, does not become impure. Therefore, the verse states: “One who touches its carcass shall be impure until the evening” (Leviticus 11:39). It is derived from the term “shall be impure” that even one who touches the hide in this manner becomes impure.
מַאי קָאָמַר? אָמַר רָבָא, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ כְּדִי: חַסּוֹרֵי מִיחַסְּרָא וְהָכִי קָתָנֵי: ״בְּנִבְלָתָהּ״ – וְלֹא בְּעוֹר שֶׁאֵין עָלָיו כְּזַיִת בָּשָׂר, וְעוֹר מַשְׁלִימוֹ לִכְזַיִת.
The Gemara asks: What is the baraita saying? The first clause of the baraita teaches that the hide does not impart impurity of a carcass while the latter clause teaches that one who touches the hide does become impure with the impurity of a carcass. Rava said, and some say it unattributed: The baraita is incomplete and this is what it is teaching: The term “its carcass” teaches that one who touches the flesh of a carcass becomes impure but one who touches the hide of a carcass upon which there is not an olive-bulk of flesh does not become impure. And even if the volume of the hide together with the flesh adds up to an olive-bulk, the hide does not join together with the flesh to constitute the measure of an olive-bulk required to impart impurity of an animal carcass.
יָכוֹל שֶׁאֲנִי מוֹצִיא אַף עוֹר שֶׁיֵּשׁ עָלָיו כְּזַיִת בָּשָׂר, הַנּוֹגֵעַ כְּנֶגֶד בָּשָׂר מֵאֲחוֹרָיו יָכוֹל לֹא יְהֵא טָמֵא, וַאֲפִילּוּ מַעֲשֵׂה יָד נָמֵי לָא עָבֵיד.
One might have thought that I remove from the category of impurity of a carcass even a hide upon which there is an olive-bulk of flesh with regard to one who touches the external side of the hide of the carcass that is aligned with the flesh but does not touch the flesh itself. One might have thought that he does not become impure in such a case, and that the hide in this case does not even constitute a handle of the flesh, which would render one who touches it impure as though he touched the flesh itself.
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״יִטְמָא״.
Therefore, the verse states: “Shall be impure,” from which it is derived that even though an appendage that serves as protection for the flesh does not join together with the flesh to constitute the measure of an olive-bulk required to impart the impurity of animal carcasses, it is considered a handle of the flesh, which does impart impurity. Therefore, if there is an olive-bulk of flesh attached to the hide, one who touches the outside of the hide becomes impure, even if he did not touch the flesh.
תְּנַן הָתָם: כֹּל שֶׁהוּא יָד וְלֹא שׁוֹמֵר – טָמֵא וּמְטַמֵּא, וְאֵינוֹ מִצְטָרֵף.
§The Gemara discusses the transmission of impurity of food with regard to accessories that serve as a handle and that provide protection. We learned in a mishna there (Okatzin 1:1): With regard to any appendage that serves as a handle, i.e., a part that one holds while eating the food, but does not provide protection, the attached food becomes impure if the handle comes into contact with a source of impurity, and the handle transmits impurity from the attached food to other foods that come into contact with the handle. But the handle does not join together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
שׁוֹמֵר, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָד – טָמֵא וּמְטַמֵּא וּמִצְטָרֵף; לֹא יָד וְלֹא שׁוֹמֵר – לֹא טָמֵא וְלֹא מְטַמֵּא.
With regard to any appendage that provides protection, even if it does not serve as a handle, the attached food becomes impure if the protection comes into contact with an impure item, and the protection imparts impurity, and it also joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. With regard to an appendage that does not serve as a handle nor as protection, the attached food does not become impure if the appendage comes into contact with a source of impurity, nor does the appendage impart impurity. In addition, it does not join together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
יָדוֹת הֵיכָא כְּתִיבִי? דִּכְתִיב ״וְכִי יֻתַּן מַיִם עַל זֶרַע וְנָפַל מִנִּבְלָתָם עָלָיו טָמֵא הוּא לָכֶם״, ״לָכֶם״ – לְכֹל שֶׁבְּצׇרְכֵיכֶם, לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַיָּדוֹת.
The Gemara asks: Where is this halakha that handles are susceptible to and impart impurity written? The Gemara answers: As it is written with regard to the impurity of food: “But if water is put on the seed, and any of the carcass falls on it, it is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:38). It is derived from the term “for you” that any part needed for your use of the food is susceptible to impurity and imparts impurity, including the handles that facilitate the consumption of the food.
וּכְתִיב: ״וְכִי יָמוּת מִן הַבְּהֵמָה אֲשֶׁר הִיא לָכֶם״, ״לָכֶם״ – לְכֹל שֶׁבְּצׇרְכֵיכֶם, לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַיָּדוֹת, יָד לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא.
And furthermore it is written with regard to the impurity of a carcass: “And if any animal which is for you to consume dies, one who touches its carcass shall be impure until the evening” (Leviticus 11:39). The term “for you” indicates that any part needed for your use of the carcass imparts impurity, including the handles. One who touches the handle of an item that is impure with impurity of a carcass becomes impure as though he touched the carcass itself. These two verses teach that a handle transmits impurity both with regard to importing impurity into the attached food and with regard to exporting impurity from the attached food.
שׁוֹמֵר לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא – לָא צְרִיךְ קְרָא, קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִיָּד אָתֵי: וּמָה יָד, שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְגִינָּה – מַכְנֶסֶת וּמוֹצִיאָה, שׁוֹמֵר – לֹא כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן?
A verse is not needed to derive that protection both imports and exports impurity. This halakha is inferred a fortiori from the halakha of a handle: If a handle, which is treated more leniently than protection because it does not protect the food, nevertheless both imports and exports impurity, then with regard to protection, which is treated more stringently than a handle because it protects the food, should it not all the more so import and export impurity?
שׁוֹמֵר דִּכְתַב רַחֲמָנָא, לְמָה לִי? שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ לְצָרֵף.
Since this is so, why do I need the verse that the Merciful One writes from which it is derived that protection is considered part of the food with regard to ritual impurity, i.e., the verses: “Upon any sowing seed that is sown…It is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:37–38)? Conclude from these verses that protection not only imparts impurity, but even joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
וְאֵימָא: יָד לְהַכְנִיס וְלֹא לְהוֹצִיא, שׁוֹמֵר לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא, אֲבָל יָד לְהוֹצִיא וְשׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף – לָא.
The Gemara challenges: But say that these verses should be interpreted differently: A handle, which is treated more leniently than protection, is considered part of the food such that it imports but does not export impurity. Protection, which is treated more stringently than a handle, is considered like food to import and export impurity. But it is not derived that a handle exports impurity nor that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
יָד לְהַכְנִיס וְלֹא לְהוֹצִיא, לָא מָצֵית אָמְרַתְּ, הַשְׁתָּא עַיּוֹלֵי מְעַיְּילָא, אַפּוֹקֵי מִיבַּעְיָא?!
The Gemara explains: You cannot say that a handle is considered part of the food such that it imports but does not export impurity for the following reason: Now that the handle is considered part of the food with regard to importing impurity into the food, is it necessary to state that it exports impurity? If a handle can cause ritually pure food attached to it to become impure, certainly it can transmit the impurity of impure food attached to it to other foods. Consequently, since a handle both imports and exports impurity, it is inferred a fortiori that protection also imports and exports impurity. It is therefore derived from the verse concerning appendages that serve as protection that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
וְאֵימָא: יָד לְהוֹצִיא וְלֹא לְהַכְנִיס, שׁוֹמֵר לְהוֹצִיא וּלְהַכְנִיס, אֲבָל יָד לְהַכְנִיס וְשׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף – לָא.
The Gemara challenges: But say instead that a handle, which is treated more leniently than protection, is considered part of the food such that it exports but does not import impurity. Protection, which is treated more stringently than a handle, both exports and imports impurity. But it is not derived that a handle imports impurity nor that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
יָד יַתִּירָא כְּתִיב, ״תַּנּוּר וְכִירַיִם יוּתַּץ וְגוֹ׳״.
The Gemara explains: There is an additional derivation with regard to a handle, as it is written with regard to the impurity of vessels: “And everything upon which any part of their carcass falls shall be impure; whether an oven, or a range for pots, it shall be broken in pieces; they are impure, and shall be impure for you” (Leviticus 11:35).
לָכֶם״ – לְכֹל שֶׁבְּצׇרְכֵיכֶם, לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַיָּדוֹת.
It is derived from the term “for you” that any part needed for your use of a vessel has the impurity status of the vessel itself, including the handles. Therefore, if the vessel comes into contact with a source of impurity, the handle is considered part of the vessel and is also rendered impure. Consequently, there are two derivations with regard to a handle: One teaches that a handle imports impurity into the object to which it is attached, and the other teaches that a handle exports impurity from the object. It is derived through a fortiori inference from the halakha of a handle that protection both imports and exports impurity, and therefore the verse that states “Upon any sowing seed” teaches that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
הֵי מִינַּיְיהוּ מְיַיתַּר?
The Gemara asks: With regard to these three verses that are interpreted as referring to handles, one of which discusses the impurity of food, one of which discusses the impurity of vessels, and one of which discusses the impurity of carcasses, which of them is superfluous such that one can derive from it that a handle does not merely export impurity from the food but imports impurity to the food as well? All of these verses are necessary to teach that a handle exports impurity.
לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בִּזְרָעִים, וְלֵיתוֹ הָנָךְ מִינַּיְיהוּ – מָה לִזְרָעִים, שֶׁכֵּן טוּמְאָתָן מְרוּבָּה.
The Gemara elaborates on the question: Let the Merciful One write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of seeds, i.e., food, and let those matters, i.e., that it exports the impurity of vessels and animal carcasses, be derived from it. But one cannot infer from the impurity of food that a handle exports the impurity of vessels, as what is notable about seeds? It is notable in that they have a greater susceptibility to impurity. Food is susceptible to even second-degree impurity, whereas vessels are susceptible to only first-degree impurity. Likewise, one cannot derive from the impurity of food that a handle exports the impurity of an animal carcass because the impurity of food applies to more items, as is taught in the mishna that some items are susceptible to the impurity of food but not to the impurity of animal carcasses.
לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בְּתַנּוּר, וְלֵיתֵי הָנָךְ מִינֵּיהּ – מָה לְתַנּוּר, שֶׁכֵּן מְטַמֵּא מֵאֲוִירוֹ.
Let the Merciful One write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of an oven, i.e., vessels, and let those matters, i.e., that it exports the impurity of food and the impurity of an animal carcass, be derived from it. But this inference is also not valid, as what is notable about the impurity of an oven? It is notable in that a vessel transmits impurity to foods not only through contact but also through its airspace, whereas those other types of impurity do not share this element of stringency.
לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בִּנְבֵלָה, וְלֵיתֵי הָנָךְ מִינַּהּ – מָה לִנְבֵלָה שֶׁכֵּן מְטַמְּאָה אָדָם, וּמְטַמְּאָה בְּמַשָּׂא, וְטוּמְאָה יוֹצְאָה מִגּוּפָהּ.
Let the Merciful One write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of an animal carcass, and let those matters, i.e., that it exports the impurity of food and of vessels, be derived from it. But this inference is also not valid, as what is notable about the impurity of a carcass? It is notable in that a carcass transmits impurity to a person, and transmits impurity to one carrying the carcass even if he is not touching it, and its impurity emanates from its body and does not originate from an external source. Those other types of impurity do not share these elements of stringency.
חֲדָא מֵחֲדָא לָא אָתְיָא, תֵּיתֵי חֲדָא מִתַּרְתֵּי.
The Gemara answers: The halakha of one of these three types of ritual impurity cannot be derived from the halakha of any one of the others. Yet, one of the verses is still superfluous because one can derive the halakha of one of these three types from the other two.
הֵי תֵּיתֵי? לָא לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בִּזְרָעִים, וְתֵיתֵי מֵהָנָךְ! מָה לְהָנָךְ – שֶׁכֵּן מִטַּמְּאִין שֶׁלֹּא בְּהֶכְשֵׁר, תֹּאמַר בִּזְרָעִים – שֶׁאֵין מִטַּמְּאִין אֶלָּא בְּהֶכְשֵׁר!
The Gemara asks: Which can one derive from the other two? Let the Merciful One not write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of seeds, i.e., food, and derive this halakha from those two other cases, the impurity of carcasses and of vessels. But this inference is not valid, as what is notable about those cases? They are notable in that they become ritually impure without first being rendered susceptible to impurity by coming into contact with liquid. Shall you say the same halakha with regard to seeds, which do not share this element of stringency, as food can become impure only after first being rendered susceptible to impurity by coming into contact with liquid?
אָמַר רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: פֵּירוֹת שֶׁלֹּא הוּכְשְׁרוּ, כְּתַנּוּר שֶׁלֹּא נִגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתּוֹ דָּמֵי.
Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, said: This element of leniency is not unique to the impurity of food. Produce that is not rendered susceptible to impurity by coming into contact with liquid is equivalent to an oven whose construction is not complete. An oven whose construction is incomplete is also not susceptible to impurity.
אֶלָּא פָּרֵיךְ הָכִי: מָה לְהָנָךְ, שֶׁכֵּן מִטַּמְּאִין שֶׁלֹּא בִּנְגִיעָה, תֹּאמַר בִּזְרָעִים, שֶׁאֵין מִטַּמְּאִין אֶלָּא בִּנְגִיעָה!
Rather, refute this derivation in the following manner: What is notable about those cases of impurity of carcasses and vessels? They are notable in that they become impure even without contact. An oven becomes impure if a creeping animal is within its airspace, and the impurity of an animal carcass originates from its own body without contact with an external source. Shall you state the same halakha with regard to seeds, which become impure only through contact?
לָא לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בְּתַנּוּר, וְתֵיתֵי מֵהָנָךְ, מָה לְהָנָךְ שֶׁכֵּן אוֹכֶל.
Let the Merciful One not write that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of an oven, i.e., vessels, and derive this halakha from those cases, the impurity of food and carcasses. But this derivation is not valid, as what is notable about those cases of the impurity of food and carcasses? They are notable in that they are food. Therefore, their halakhot cannot necessarily be applied to an oven and other vessels that are not food.
לָא לִכְתּוֹב רַחֲמָנָא בִּנְבֵלָה, וְתֵיתֵי מֵהָנָךְ? אִין הָכִי נָמֵי. אֶלָּא יָד דִּנְבֵלָה לְמָה לִי? אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְיַד נְבֵלָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְיָד דְּעָלְמָא.
Let the Merciful One not write that a handle exports impurity with regard to a carcass and derive this halakha from those cases of the impurity of food and vessels. The Gemara responds: Yes, it is indeed so. Rather, since one can derive in such a manner that a handle attached to a carcass imparts impurity, why do I need the verse to state the halakha of a handle with regard to the impurity of a carcass? If it is not needed for the matter of a handle with regard to the impurity of a carcass, apply it to the matter of a handle in general with regard to food, and derive from it that a handle imports impurity to the food.
יָד לְהַכְנִיס, יָד לְהוֹצִיא, שׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף.
Therefore, in summary, one can derive that a handle imports impurity and that a handle exports impurity, and one can infer that protection imports and exports impurity a fortiori from the halakha of a handle. It is therefore derived from the verse concerning protection that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
וְאַכַּתִּי, יָד דִּנְבֵלָה אִצְטְרִיךְ, דְּאִי לָא כְּתַב רַחֲמָנָא בִּנְבֵלָה, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא: דַּיּוֹ לַבָּא מִן הַדִּין לִהְיוֹת כַּנִּדּוֹן, מָה הָנָךְ לָא מְטַמּוּ אָדָם, אַף נְבֵלָה לָא מְטַמְּאָה אָדָם.
The Gemara challenges: But it is still necessary for the verse to state the halakha that a handle exports impurity with regard to the impurity of a carcass; as, if the Merciful One had not written the halakha of a handle with regard to impurity of a carcass, I would say: It is sufficient for the conclusion that emerges from an a fortiori inference to be like its source. In this case, a halakha with regard to the impurity of carcasses which is inferred a fortiori from the cases of impurity of food and impurity of vessels is no more stringent than the source from which it is derived. Just as handles in these cases of impurity of food and vessels do not transmit impurity to a person, so too the handle of a carcass does not transmit impurity to a person. Therefore, the verse from which it is derived that a handle exports the impurity of a carcass is necessary, and cannot be applied to the matter of importing impurity.
אֶלָּא, יָד דִּנְבֵלָה מִיצְרָךְ צְרִיךְ, וְשׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה הוּא דְּלָא צְרִיךְ. לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא כַּתְבֵיהּ רַחֲמָנָא? אִי לְאִיצְטְרוֹפֵי – אָמְרַתְּ לָא מִצְטָרֵף, וּלְהוֹצִיא – קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִיָּד אָתֵי.
The Gemara answers: Rather, it is necessary for the verse to state the halakha of a handle with regard to the impurity of a carcass, but it is not necessary for the verse to state the halakha of protection with regard to the impurity of a carcass. With regard to what halakha does the Merciful One write that verse? If it is teaching that protection joins together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity, you said that protection does not join together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. And if it is teaching that protection exports the impurity of a carcass, it is not necessary to teach that, because that halakha is inferred a fortiori from the halakha of a handle.
אֶלָּא, אִם אֵין עִנְיָן לְשׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְיָד דִּנְבֵלָה, וְאִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְיָד דִּנְבֵלָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְיָד דְּעָלְמָא: יָד לְהוֹצִיא, יָד לְהַכְנִיס, וְשׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף.
Rather, if it is not needed for the matter of protection of a carcass, apply it to the matter of the handle of a carcass. And if it is not needed for the matter of a handle of a carcass, apply it to the matter of a handle in general, and derive from it that a handle imports impurity. Therefore, in summary, one can derive that a handle exports impurity and that a handle imports impurity, and one can derive from the verse concerning protection with regard to the impurity of food that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity.
וְאֵימָא: אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְשׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְשׁוֹמֵר דְּעָלְמָא, שׁוֹמֵר לְהַכְנִיס וְשׁוֹמֵר לְצָרֵף, אֲבָל יָד לְהַכְנִיס לֹא!
The Gemara asks: Why is it assumed that if the verse is not needed for the matter of protection of a carcass, it should be applied to the matter of a handle in general? Say that if the verse is not needed for the matter of protection of a carcass, apply it to the matter of protection in general with regard to food. Although it is already written: “Upon any sowing seed” (Leviticus 11:37), two verses are necessary to teach the halakha of protection with regard to food: One verse to teach that protection imports impurity and one to teach that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. But there is no source from which to derive that a handle imports impurity.
אֶלָּא, מֵעִיקָּרָא כִּי כְּתִיבָא יָד, אַהַכְנָסָה כְּתִיבָא.
The Gemara answers: The halakha that a handle imports impurity is not derived from the superfluous verse written with regard to the impurity of a carcass. Rather, it is necessary to return to the explanation that was initially proposed, i.e., that it is written with regard to the impurity of food: “It is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:38), from which it is derived that any part needed for your use of the food imparts impurity, including handles. It was asked with regard to this derivation: Say that this verse teaches that a handle exports impurity but not that it imports impurity. The Gemara suggests: That question is not difficult. From the outset, when the halakha of a handle is written: “But if water is put upon the seed, and any of their carcass falls on it, it is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:38), it is written in the context of importing impurity. Therefore, it is inferred a fortiori that a handle exports impurity from the halakha that it imports impurity, and it is derived a fortiori from the halakhot of a handle that protection both imports and exports impurity. It is also derived that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity from that which is written: “On any sowing seed.”
אֶלָּא שׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה, לְמָה לִי? לְגוּפֵיהּ.
The Gemara asks: But if that is so, why do I need the verse to teach the halakha of protection with regard to a carcass, as it is written: “Shall be impure” (Leviticus 11:39)? The Gemara answers: It is necessary for the matter itself, to teach that the halakha of protection is applicable to the impurity of a carcass.
וּלְמַאי? אִי לְאִצְטְרוֹפֵי – אָמְרַתְּ לָא מִצְטָרֵף! אִי לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא – קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִיָּד אָתְיָא! מִילְּתָא דְּאָתְיָא בְּקַל וְחוֹמֶר – טָרַח וְכָתַב לַהּ קְרָא.
The Gemara asks: And with regard to what halakha is this taught? If it teaches that protection joins together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity, you said in the mishna that protection does not join together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. If it teaches that protection imports and exports the impurity of a carcass, it is not necessary for the verse to teach this halakha because it is inferred a fortiori from the halakhot of a handle. The Gemara answers: Sometimes there is a matter that could be inferred a fortiori, and the verse nevertheless takes the trouble and writes it explicitly.
אִי הָכִי, שׁוֹמֵר דְּעָלְמָא, אֵימָא לָךְ: לְהַכְנִיס, וּמִלְּתָא דְּאָתֵי בְּקַל וָחוֹמֶר – טָרַח וְכָתַב לַהּ קְרָא.
The Gemara objects: If so, one may ask: With regard to protection in general, i.e., with regard to food, it was established that the verse is not necessary to teach that it imports and exports impurity, and therefore the verse teaches that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. I will say to you instead that the verse teaches that protection imports impurity, and the reason that the verse teaches this halakha even though it could be inferred a fortiori is because sometimes there is a matter that could be inferred a fortiori and the verse nevertheless takes the trouble and writes it explicitly.
הֵיכָא דְּאִיכָּא לְמִידְרַשׁ, דָּרְשִׁינַן.
The Gemara answers: Where it is possible to interpret the verse in a manner that a novelty is derived, we interpret it in such a manner and do not maintain that the verse teaches that which could be inferred a fortiori.
רַב חֲבִיבָא אָמַר: שָׁאנֵי שׁוֹמֵר דִּנְבֵלָה, כֵּיוָן דְּמַעֲשֵׂה יָד קָא עָבֵיד, אַיָּד שָׁדֵינַן לֵיהּ.
The Gemara returns to the previous proposal to derive that a handle imports impurity from the verse concerning protection of a carcass based on the reasoning that if the verse is not needed for the matter of protection of a carcass, it should be applied to the matter of a handle in general. Previously, the Gemara challenged this derivation: If the verse is not needed for the matter of protection for the impurity of a carcass, it should be applied to the matter of protection in general. Rav Ḥaviva said in response: The halakha of protection of a carcass is different because it imports and exports impurity but does not join together with the carcass to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity. Since the protection serves as a handle in that it only imports and exports impurity, we apply its novelty to the halakhot of a handle and not to the halakhot of protection.
מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב יְהוּדָה בַּר יִשְׁמָעֵאל, הָא דִּתְנַן: הַפִּיטְמָא שֶׁל רִמּוֹן מִצְטָרֶפֶת, וְהַנֵּץ שֶׁלּוֹ אֵין מִצְטָרֵף.
§Previously it was derived that protection joins together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity from that which is written: “On any sowing seed that is sown” (Leviticus 11:37), indicating that the entire seed is susceptible to ritual impurity when it is in a state where it is typical for people to take it out to the field for sowing, e.g., wheat and barley in their shells. Rav Yehuda bar Yishmael objects to this from that which we learned in a mishna (Okatzin 2:3): The protrusion of a pomegranate joins together with the pomegranate to constitute the measure of an egg-bulk that is required to impart impurity, because it provides protection for the fruit. But its flower does not join together with the pomegranate in that regard because it does not provide protection for the fruit; rather, it provides protection for the protection of the fruit.
וְאַמַּאי? קְרִי כָּאן ״עַל כׇּל זֶרַע זֵרוּעַ״, וְלֵיכָּא!
Rav Yehuda bar Yishmael asks: And why does the protrusion join together with the pomegranate to constitute an egg-bulk? Read here that the verse states: “On any sowing seed,” indicating that the entire seed is susceptible to ritual impurity when it is in a state where it is typically taken out to the field for sowing. But pomegranates are not typically taken out to the field for sowing with their protrusions, since they are usually planted in the field as seedlings.
וְתוּ, הָא דִּתְנַן: הָעוֹר וְהָרוֹטֶב וְהַקֵּיפֶה וְכוּ׳. מִצְטָרֵף לְטַמֵּא טוּמְאַת אֳכָלִים – מְנָלַן?
And furthermore, one can object to this derivation from that which we learned in the mishna: The hide and the congealed gravy attached to the meat, and the spices, and the meat residue, and the bones, and the tendons, and the lower section of the horns, and the section of the hooves, all join together with the meat to constitute the requisite egg-bulk to impart impurity of food. From where do we derive that these protections, although they are not sown together with the food, join together with the food to constitute the requisite measure to impart impurity?
אֶלָּא תְּלָתָא קְרָאֵי כְּתִיבִי: ״עַל כׇּל זֶרַע״, ״זֵרוּעַ״, ״אֲשֶׁר יִזָּרֵעַ״, חַד לְשׁוֹמֵר דִּזְרָעִים, וְחַד לְשׁוֹמֵר דְּאִילָנוֹת, אִידַּךְ לְשׁוֹמֵר בָּשָׂר וּבֵיצִים וְדָגִים.
Rather, three terms with the root zayin, reish, ayin are written in the verse with regard to protection: “On any sowing [zerua] seed [zera] that is sown [yizzare’a].” One term is written to teach the halakha of protection with regard to seeds, and one is written to teach the halakha of protection with regard to trees, and the other term is written to teach the halakha of protection with regard to meat, and eggs, and fish. Accordingly, this halakha is not limited to protection that is sown together with the food.
אָמַר רַב חִיָּיא בַּר אָשֵׁי, אָמַר רַב: יֵשׁ יָד לְטוּמְאָה, וְאֵין יָד לְהֶכְשֵׁר.
§It is written: “And if anything falls from their carcass upon any sowing seed that is sown, it is pure. But if water is put upon the seed, and any of the carcass falls on it, it is impure for you” (Leviticus 11:37–38). Previously, the Gemara derived from this verse that an appendage that serves as a handle both imports impurity to and exports impurity from the food. In addition, the simple understanding teaches that food can become impure only after first being rendered susceptible to impurity by coming into contact with liquid. With regard to these two halakhot, Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi says that Rav says: There is significance to a handle with regard to importing and exporting impurity, i.e., a handle imports impurity to and exports impurity from to the attached food, but there is no significance to a handle with regard to rendering the attached food susceptible to impurity. Rather, the food itself must come into contact with liquid directly.
וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: יֵשׁ יָד לְטוּמְאָה וּלְהֶכְשֵׁר.
And Rabbi Yoḥanan says: There is significance to a handle with regard to importing impurity to and exporting impurity from the attached food, and with regard to rendering the attached food susceptible to impurity even if only the handle came into contact with liquid.
בְּמַאי קָמִיפַּלְגִי? אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא סְבָרָא, אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא קְרָא.
The Gemara clarifies: With regard to what do Rav and Rabbi Yoḥanan disagree? If you wish, say that they disagree with regard to a logical argument. If you wish, say that they disagree with regard to the interpretation of a verse.
אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא קְרָא, מָר סָבַר: מִקְרָא נִדְרָשׁ לְפָנָיו, וְלֹא לִפְנֵי פָנָיו.
The Gemara explains: If you wish, say that they disagree with regard to the interpretation of a verse. One Sage, Rav, holds that a verse is interpreted homiletically based on juxtaposition to the term immediately preceding it and not based on juxtaposition to the term before the one preceding it. In this case, the verse states: “For you,” indicating inclusion of a handle with regard to the matter of imparting impurity, which is stated in the preceding phrase: “It is impure,” but not with regard to the matter of rendering the attached food susceptible to impurity through contact with liquid which is stated before the preceding phrase: “If water is put.”
וּמָר סָבַר: מִקְרָא נִדְרָשׁ לְפָנָיו, וְלִפְנֵי פָנָיו.
And one Sage, Rabbi Yoḥanan, holds that a verse is interpreted homiletically based on juxtaposition to the term immediately preceding it, as well as to the term before the one preceding it. Therefore, he maintains that a handle can also render the attached food susceptible to impurity.
אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא סְבָרָא, מָר סָבַר: הֶכְשֵׁר תְּחִלַּת טוּמְאָה הוּא, וּמָר סָבַר: הֶכְשֵׁר לָאו תְּחִלַּת טוּמְאָה הוּא.
If you wish, say that they disagree with regard to a logical argument. One Sage, Rabbi Yoḥanan, holds that rendering food susceptible to impurity is the initial stage of the process of imparting impurity to it. Therefore, just as a handle imparts impurity, it can also render the food susceptible to impurity. And one Sage, Rav, holds that rendering food susceptible to impurity is not the initial stage of the process of imparting impurity.
תַּנְיָא כְּוָותֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כְּשֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ יָד לְטוּמְאָה, כָּךְ יֵשׁ יָד לְהֶכְשֵׁר, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁאֵין מְקַבְּלִין טוּמְאָה אֶלָּא לִכְשֶׁיִּתָּלְשׁוּ, כָּךְ אֵין מְקַבְּלִין הֶכְשֵׁר אֶלָּא עַד שֶׁיִּתָּלְשׁוּ.
It is taught in a baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Just as there is significance to a handle with regard to imparting impurity to food, so too there is significance to a handle with regard to rendering the attached food susceptible to impurity. And just as produce is susceptible to contracting impurity only when it is detached from the soil, so too produce cannot be rendered susceptible to impurity through contact with liquid until it is detached from the soil.
אָמַר רַב: אֵין יָד לְפָחוֹת מִכְּזַיִת, וְאֵין שׁוֹמֵר לְפָחוֹת מִכְּפוֹל.
§The Gemara cites another disagreement between Rav and Rabbi Yoḥanan. Rav says: There is no halakha of a handle with regard to imparting impurity for a handle that is attached to less than an olive-bulk of food. And there is no halakha of protection with regard to imparting impurity for protection that is attached to less than a bean-bulk of food. In addition, the protection does not join together with the food to constitute the measure of an egg-bulk required to impart the impurity of food.
וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: יֵשׁ יָד לְפָחוֹת מִכְּזַיִת, וְיֵשׁ שׁוֹמֵר לְפָחוֹת מִכְּפוֹל.
And Rabbi Yoḥanan says: There is a halakha of a handle with regard to imparting impurity for a handle that is attached to less than an olive-bulk of food. And there is a halakha of protection with regard to imparting impurity for protection that is attached to less than a bean-bulk of food. In addition, it joins together with the food to constitute the measure of an egg-bulk required to impart the impurity of food.
מֵיתִיבִי: שְׁתֵּי עֲצָמוֹת, וַעֲלֵיהֶן שְׁנֵי חֲצָאֵי זֵיתִים, וְהִכְנִיס רָאשֵׁיהֶן (שנים) [הַשְּׁנַיִם] לְבַיִת, וְהַבַּיִת מַאֲהִיל עֲלֵיהֶן – הַבַּיִת טָמֵא.
The Gemara raises an objection to the opinions of both Rav and Rabbi Yoḥanan from that which is taught in a Tosefta (Oholot 4:8): In a case of two bones that have two halves of an olive-bulk of flesh of a dead person upon them, i.e., half an olive-bulk of flesh is attached to one end of each bone, and one placed the ends of both bones that are not directly attached to the flesh inside a house in such a manner that the house overlies those ends of the bones but not the ends of the bones attached to the flesh, it is considered as though the house is overlying the flesh itself, and the house is impure.
יְהוּדָה בֶּן נָקוֹסָא אוֹמֵר מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב: הֵיאַךְ שְׁנֵי עֲצָמוֹת מִצְטָרְפִין לִכְזַיִת?
Yehuda ben Nekosa says in the name of Rabbi Ya’akov: How can two bones join together to constitute an olive-bulk if the flesh attached to each bone is less than the measure of an olive-bulk?
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