Horayot 3

Horayot 3

״זֹאת תּוֹרַת הָעוֹלָה הִיא״ – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה מִיעוּטִין.

“This is the law of the burnt-offering, it is that which goes up on its pyre on the altar” (Leviticus 6:2); these are three exclusionary terms: “This,” “the burnt-offering,” and “it is,” which serve to exclude three offerings concerning which the halakha is that even if they are placed on the altar they are subsequently removed: A burnt-offering slaughtered at night, a burnt-offering whose blood was spilled before it was sprinkled, and a burnt-offering whose blood was taken outside the courtyard. Apparently, it is Rabbi Yehuda who interprets multiple exclusionary terms.

וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: עֲדַיִין אֲנִי אוֹמֵר לָא מָצֵית מוֹקְמַתְּ לַהּ כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, דְּקָתָנֵי: רוֹב קָהָל שֶׁחָטְאוּ – בֵּית דִּין מְבִיאִין עַל יְדֵיהֶן פַּר, וְאִי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הָאָמַר: צִבּוּר הוּא דְּמַיְיתֵי, בֵּית דִּין – לָא. דִּתְנַן, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: שִׁבְעָה שְׁבָטִים שֶׁחָטְאוּ – מְבִיאִין שִׁבְעָה פָּרִים.

And if you wish, say that proof for the attribution of the baraitot may be cited from the second baraita, which begins with the phrase: Still I say. You cannot interpret that baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, as the baraita teaches: One might have thought that each member of a majority of the congregation that sinned based on the ruling of a court is exempt from liability to bring an offering for his unwitting transgression, as the court brings a bull for an unwitting communal sin on the basis of their transgression. And if this baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, didn’t he say: It is the congregation that brings the bull as an offering, and not the court? As we learned in a mishna (5a) that Rabbi Yehuda says: Seven tribes that sinned bring seven bulls. The tribes bring the offerings, not the court.

וְרַב נַחְמָן אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: זוֹ דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר, אֲבָל חֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: יָחִיד שֶׁעָשָׂה בְּהוֹרָאַת בֵּית דִּין – חַיָּיב. מַאי רַבִּי מֵאִיר וּמַאי רַבָּנַן? דְּתַנְיָא: הוֹרוּ וְעָשׂוּ – רַבִּי מֵאִיר פּוֹטֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְחַיְּיבִין.

§ Up to this point, the Gemara explained the mishna in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda and contrary to the opinion of the Rabbis, who disagree with him. And Rav Naḥman says that Shmuel says: The mishna is the statement of Rabbi Meir, but the Rabbis say: An individual who performed a transgression on the basis of the ruling of the court is liable. The Gemara asks: What is the opinion of Rabbi Meir and what is the opinion of the Rabbis to which Shmuel referred? It is as it is taught in a baraita: If the court issued a ruling and the judges performed a transgression on the basis of that ruling, Rabbi Meir deems them exempt and the Rabbis deem them liable.

מַאן עָשׂוּ? אִילֵּימָא בֵּית דִּין, מַאי טַעְמָא דְּרַבָּנַן דִּמְחַיְּיבִי? וְהָתַנְיָא: יָכוֹל הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין וְעָשׂוּ בֵּית דִּין, יָכוֹל יְהוּ חַיָּיבִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״הַקָּהָל וְעָשׂוּ״, מַעֲשֶׂה תָּלוּי בַּקָּהָל וְהוֹרָאָה תְּלוּיָה בְּבֵית דִּין!

The Gemara asks: Who performed the transgression? If we say that it is the members of the court who performed the transgression, what is the reasoning of the Rabbis, who deem him liable? But isn’t it taught in a baraita: One might have thought that if the court issued a ruling and the members of the court performed the transgression, one might have thought they would be liable to bring a bull for an unwitting communal sin. The verse states with regard to that bull: “And the matter is hidden from the eyes of the congregation and they performed” (Leviticus 4:13), from which it is derived that the action is dependent on the congregation and the ruling is dependent on the court.

אֶלָּא הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין וְעָשׂוּ רוֹב קָהָל. מַאי טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר דְּפוֹטֵר? אֶלָּא לָאו: הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין וְעָשׂוּ מִיעוּט קָהָל, וּבְהָא קָמִיפַּלְגִי, מָר סָבַר: יָחִיד שֶׁעָשָׂה בְּהוֹרָאַת בֵּית דִּין – פָּטוּר, וּמַר סָבַר: יָחִיד שֶׁעָשָׂה בְּהוֹרָאַת בֵּית דִּין – חַיָּיב.

Rather, the case in the baraita is where the court issued a ruling and the majority of the congregation performed a transgression on the basis of that ruling. If so, what is the reasoning of Rabbi Meir, who deems them exempt? Rather, is it not referring to a case where the court issued a ruling and a minority of the congregation performed a transgression on the basis of that ruling, and it is with regard to this matter that the tanna’im disagree: One Sage, Rabbi Meir, holds: An individual who performed a transgression on the basis of the ruling of the court is exempt; and one Sage, the Rabbis, holds: An individual who performed a transgression on the basis of a ruling of the court is liable. The mishna, which states that an individual who performs a transgression on the basis of a ruling of the court is exempt, is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir.

אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: דְּכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא יָחִיד שֶׁעָשָׂה בְּהוֹרָאַת בֵּית דִּין – פָּטוּר, אֶלָּא בֵּית דִּין מַשְׁלִים לְרוֹב צִבּוּר קָמִיפַּלְגִי.

Rav Pappa said: There is no proof that the dispute between Rabbi Meir and the Rabbis relates to the mishna, as their dispute can be understood differently. Perhaps everyone agrees that an individual who performed a transgression on the basis of the ruling of the court is exempt. Rather, the tanna’im disagree with regard to whether the members of the court combine with the members of the congregation to complete a majority of the congregation. The members of the congregation who sinned constitute less than a majority. When the judges of the court who sinned are added to that minority, the total of people who sinned constitute a majority.

מָר סָבַר: בֵּית דִּין מַשְׁלִים לְרוֹב צִבּוּר, וּמַר סָבַר: אֵין בֵּית דִּין מַשְׁלִים לְרוֹב צִבּוּר.

He explains: One Sage, the Rabbis, holds: The members of the court combine with the members of the congregation to complete a majority of the congregation. And one Sage, Rabbi Meir, holds: The members of the court do not combine with the members of the congregation to complete a majority of the congregation; therefore, those who sinned on the basis of the ruling of the court constitute less than a majority and the court is exempt from liability to bring an offering. The mishna is not only in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, as in the case of the mishna, but even the Rabbis agree.

וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין וְעָשׂוּ רוּבּוֹ שֶׁל קָהָל, וּמַאן חֲכָמִים – רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן הִיא, דְּאָמַר: צִבּוּר מַיְיתֵי וּבֵית דִּין מַיְיתִי.

And if you wish, say instead that the dispute between Rabbi Meir and the Rabbis is in a case where the court issued a ruling and a majority of the congregation performed a transgression on the basis of that ruling, and everyone agrees that the court is liable to bring a bull as an offering for an unwitting communal sin. Rabbi Meir deems the members of the congregation exempt from bringing an offering. And who are the Rabbis who deem them liable to bring an offering? It is Rabbi Shimon, who said: The congregation brings an offering and the court brings an offering.

וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: שֵׁבֶט שֶׁעָשָׂה בְּהוֹרָאַת בֵּית דִּינוֹ, וּמַאן חֲכָמִים? רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הִיא, דְּתַנְיָא: שֵׁבֶט שֶׁעָשָׂה בְּהוֹרָאַת בֵּית דִּינוֹ, אוֹתוֹ הַשֵּׁבֶט חַיָּיב.

And if you wish, say instead that the dispute between Rabbi Meir and the Rabbis is in the case of a tribe that performed a transgression on the basis of the ruling of its tribal court. Rabbi Meir holds that there is no liability to bring a bull as an offering for an unwitting communal sin for a ruling issued by a tribal court; therefore, he deems the court exempt from bringing an offering. And who are the Rabbis who deem the tribal court liable to bring an offering? It is Rabbi Yehuda, as it is taught in a baraita: In the case of a tribe that performed a transgression on the basis of a ruling of its tribal court, that tribe is liable.

וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: כְּגוֹן שֶׁחָטְאוּ שִׁשָּׁה, וְהֵן רוּבּוֹ שֶׁל קָהָל, אוֹ שִׁבְעָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָן רוּבּוֹ שֶׁל קָהָל, וּמַתְנִיתִין מַנִּי? רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר הִיא.

And if you wish, say instead that the dispute between Rabbi Meir and the Rabbis is in a case where six of the twelve tribes sinned and, although they do not constitute a majority of the number of the tribes, in terms of population they constitute a majority of the congregation. Or seven tribes sinned, and even though in terms of population they are not a majority of the congregation, they constitute a majority of the tribes. And whose opinion is expressed in the baraita as the opinion of the Rabbis? It is the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar.

דְּתַנְיָא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר מִשְּׁמוֹ: חָטְאוּ שִׁשָּׁה וְהֵן רוּבּוֹ שֶׁל קָהָל, אוֹ שִׁבְעָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָן רוּבּוֹ שֶׁל קָהָל – חַיָּיבִין.

This is as it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says in the name of Rabbi Meir: If six tribes sinned and in terms of population they are a majority of the congregation, or if seven tribes sinned even though in terms of population they are not a majority of the congregation, they are liable. All these alternative understandings of the dispute between Rabbi Meir and the Rabbis lead to the conclusion that there is no proof for the statement of Rav Naḥman in the name of Shmuel that the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir.

אָמַר רַב אַסִּי: וּבְהוֹרָאָה, הַלֵּךְ אַחַר רוֹב יוֹשְׁבֵי אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיַּעַשׂ שְׁלֹמֹה בָעֵת הַהִיא אֶת הֶחָג וְכׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ קָהָל גָּדוֹל מִלְּבוֹא חֲמָת עַד נַחַל מִצְרַיִם לִפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים וְשִׁבְעַת יָמִים אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר יוֹם״. מִכְּדֵי כְּתִיב: ״וְכׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ״, ״קָהָל גָּדוֹל מִלְּבוֹא חֲמָת עַד נַחַל מִצְרַיִם״ לְמָה לִי? שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ: הָנֵי הוּא דְּאִיקְּרִי קָהָל, אֲבָל הָנָךְ לָא אִיקְּרִי קָהָל.

§ Rav Asi says: And with regard to the definition of the majority that establishes liability for performance of a transgression on the basis of the ruling of a court, follow the majority of the residents of Eretz Yisrael, as it is stated: “And Solomon held the feast at that time, and all Israel with him, a great congregation, from the entrance of Hamath until the Brook of Egypt, before the Lord our God, seven days and seven days, fourteen days” (I Kings 8:65). The Gemara clarifies the words of this verse: Since it is written: “And all Israel with him,” why do I need to add: “A great congregation, from the entrance of Hamath until the Brook of Egypt”? Conclude from it: It is these residents of Eretz Yisrael who are characterized as a congregation; but those who reside outside Eretz Yisrael are not characterized as a congregation.

פְּשִׁיטָא: מְרוּבִּין וְנִתְמַעֲטוּ – הַיְינוּ פְּלוּגְתָּא דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן וְרַבָּנַן.

§ The Gemara continues defining the majority that establishes liability. It is obvious that the case of when those who performed a transgression on the basis of the ruling of the court were numerous, i.e., they constituted a majority, and their percentage diminished, e.g., if some sinners died and they now constitute a minority of the congregation; that is the dispute between Rabbi Shimon and the Rabbis, who disagree in a mishna (10b) with regard to an anointed High Priest or a king who performed an unwitting transgression before assuming his position. The Rabbis hold: Since they were laymen when they sinned, they are liable to bring the offering of a layman. Rabbi Shimon holds: If they became aware of their transgression while still laymen, they bring the offering of a layman. If they became aware of their transgression after they assumed their positions, they are exempt. Accordingly, in the case of a majority whose number diminished, the Rabbis hold that since it was a majority that sinned, they bring an offering. Rabbi Shimon holds that it depends on their status when they became aware they had unwittingly sinned.

מוּעָטִין וְנִתְרַבּוּ, מַאי? מִי פְּלִיגִי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן וְרַבָּנַן? רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן דְּאָזֵיל בָּתַר יְדִיעָה מְחַיַּיב, וְרַבָּנַן דְּאָזְלִי בָּתַר חַטָּאת – פָּטְרִי [אוֹ לָא], מַאי?

If those who performed a transgression on the basis of the ruling of the court were few, i.e., they constituted a minority, and their percentage increased, e.g., if some non-sinners died and the sinners now constitute a majority of the congregation, what is the halakha? Do Rabbi Shimon and the Rabbis disagree with regard to this matter as well? That would mean that Rabbi Shimon, who follows the status at the time of awareness, deems the court liable, and the Rabbis, who follow the status at the time of the transgression, deem the court exempt. Or do they not disagree? What is the conclusion?

וְתִיסְבְּרָא? אֵימוֹר דְּשָׁמְעַתְּ לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן דְּאָזֵיל אַף בָּתַר יְדִיעָה [הֵיכִי דְּהָוֵי יְדִיעָה וַחֲטָאָה בְּחִיּוּב], יְדִיעָה דְּלָא חֲטָאָה מִי שָׁמְעַתְּ לֵיהּ?

And can you understand that this case is contingent on the dispute between Rabbi Shimon and the Rabbis? Say that you heard that Rabbi Shimon follows the status at the time of awareness as well, i.e., in a case where both the awareness and the transgression were in a period of liability, either liability as a layman or liability as a king or as an anointed High Priest, the sinner is liable to bring an offering. But in a case where the awareness was during a period of liability, but the transgression was not, did you hear Rabbi Shimon say the court is liable?

דְּאִם כֵּן, לַיְיתֵי כִּי הַשְׁתָּא! אֶלָּא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן חֲטָאָה וִידִיעָה בָּעֵי.

The Gemara clarifies: As, if it is so that Rabbi Shimon holds that the period of awareness is the sole determining factor, let the High Priest and the king bring an offering according to their present status. If they became aware of the transgression after assuming their positions, let them bring the offering appropriate for a High Priest or a king. Why, then, does Rabbi Shimon say that in that case they are exempt? Rather, apparently Rabbi Shimon requires that both the transgression and the awareness take place in a period of liability. There is no resolution for the dilemma that was raised.

אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין חֵלֶב מוּתָּר, וְעָשׂוּ מִיעוּט הַקָּהָל, וְחָזְרוּ בֵּית דִּין בָּהֶן, וְהוֹרוּ, וְעָשׂוּ מִיעוּט אַחֵר, מַהוּ? כֵּיוָן דִּשְׁתֵּי יְדִיעוֹת נִינְהוּ לָא מִצְטָרֵף, אוֹ דִּלְמָא: כֵּיוָן דְּאִידֵּי וְאִידֵּי חֵלֶב הוּא, מִצְטָרֵף?

§ A dilemma was raised before the Sages: If the court issued a ruling that forbidden fat is permitted, and a minority of the congregation performed the transgression of eating forbidden fat on the basis of that ruling, and the court reversed their decision and then reversed their decision again and issued a ruling that forbidden fat is permitted, and a different minority of the congregation performed the transgression, what is the halakha? The Gemara elaborates: Is it that since there are two disparate experiences of awareness, the first minority does not combine with the second minority, even though the two minorities together would constitute a majority? Or perhaps, since both this transgression and that transgression are the same, eating forbidden fat, the first minority combines with the second minority, and the two minorities together constitute a majority.

וְאִם תִּמְצָא לוֹמַר: כֵּיוָן דְּאִידֵּי וְאִידֵּי חֵלֶב הוּא מִצְטָרֵף, מִיעוּט בְּחֵלֶב שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַקֵּבָה, וּמִיעוּט בְּחֵלֶב שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי דַּקִּין, מַהוּ? הָכָא וַדַּאי כֵּיוָן דְּבִתְרֵי קְרָאֵי קָאָתֵי – לָא מִצְטָרֵף, אוֹ דִּלְמָא כֵּיוָן דְּאִידֵּי וְאִידֵּי חֵלֶב הוּא – מִצְטָרֵף?

And if you say in that case: Since both this transgression and that transgression are the same, eating forbidden fat, the first minority combines with the second minority, then there is another dilemma: In a case where a minority performed a transgression on the basis of the first ruling of the court and ate forbidden fat that is upon the maw, and a minority performed a transgression on the basis of the second ruling of the court and ate forbidden fat that is upon the small intestine, what is the halakha? The Gemara elaborates: Here, certainly, since these transgressions come from two different verses, the first minority does not combine with the second minority; or perhaps, since both this transgression and that transgression are the same, eating forbidden fat, the first minority combines with the second minority, and the two minorities together constitute a majority.

וְאִם תִּמְצֵי לוֹמַר: שֵׁם חֵלֶב הוּא וּמִצְטָרֵף, מִיעוּט בְּחֵלֶב וּמִיעוּט בְּדָם, מַהוּ? הָכָא וַדַּאי (כֵּיוָן) דִּתְרֵי אִיסּוּרֵי נִינְהוּ, [וְכֵיוָן דְּאֵין אִיסּוּרָן שָׁוֶה] – לָא מִצְטָרֵף, אוֹ דִלְמָא כֵּיוָן (דְּאִיסּוּרָן שָׁוֶה) – דְּקׇרְבָּנָן שָׁוֶה, מִצְטָרֵף?

And if you say in that case: It is the name of forbidden fat that they both have in common, and the first minority combines with the second minority, then there is another dilemma: In a case where a minority performed a transgression on the basis of the first ruling of the court and ate forbidden fat, and a minority performed a transgression on the basis of the second ruling of the court and ate forbidden blood, what is the halakha? The Gemara elaborates: Here, certainly, they are two distinct prohibitions, and since the nature of their prohibition is not identical, the first minority does not combine with the second minority. Or perhaps, since their offerings are identical, as one is liable to bring a sin-offering for unwitting violation of either of these prohibitions, the first minority combines with the second minority.

וְאִם תִּמְצֵי לוֹמַר: כֵּיוָן (דְּאִיסּוּרָן שָׁוֶה) דְּקׇרְבָּנָן שָׁוֶה מִצְטָרֵף, מִיעוּט בְּחֵלֶב וּמִיעוּט בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, מַהוּ? הָכָא וַדַּאי אֵין אִיסּוּרָן שָׁוֶה וְאֵין קׇרְבָּנָן שָׁוֶה, אוֹ דִּלְמָא כֵּיוָן דְּאִידֵּי וְאִידֵּי כָּרֵת הוּא, מִצְטָרֵף? תֵּיקוּ.

And if you say in that case: Since their offerings are identical, the first minority combines with the second minority, then there is another dilemma: In a case where a minority performed a transgression on the basis of the first ruling of the court and ate forbidden fat, and a minority performed a transgression on the basis of the second ruling of the court and engaged in idol worship, what is the halakha? Here, certainly, neither are their prohibitions identical nor are their offerings identical, because an individual who unwittingly engages in idol worship may bring only a female goat for atonement. Therefore, the first minority does not combine with the second minority. Or perhaps, since for both this transgression and that transgression one is liable to receive excision from the World-to-Come [karet] if he performs it intentionally, the first minority combines with the second minority. The Gemara concludes: The dilemma shall stand unresolved.

אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין שֶׁחֵלֶב מוּתָּר, וְעָשׂוּ מִיעוּט הַקָּהָל, וּמֵת אוֹתוֹ בֵּית דִּין וְעָמַד בֵּית דִּין אַחֵר, וְחָזְרוּ וְהוֹרוּ, וְעָשׂוּ מִיעוּט אַחֵר.

§ A dilemma was raised before the Sages: If the court issued a ruling that forbidden fat is permitted, and a minority of the congregation performed the transgression of eating forbidden fat on the basis of that ruling, and the members of that court died and another court stood in their place, and again issued the same ruling that forbidden fat is permitted, and a different minority performed the transgression of eating forbidden fat on the basis of that ruling, what is the halakha?

אַלִּיבָּא דְּמַאן דְּאָמַר בֵּית דִּין מַיְיתֵי – לָא תִּיבְּעֵי לָךְ, דְּהָא לֵיתַנְהוּ, אֶלָּא כִּי תִּיבְּעֵי לָךְ – אַלִּיבָּא דְּמַאן דְּאָמַר צִבּוּר מַיְיתֵי, מַאי צִבּוּר? הָא קָאֵי,

The Gemara elaborates: According to the opinion of the one who said that only the court brings the offering, do not raise the dilemma, as those judges who issued the original ruling on the basis of which the minority performed a transgression are no longer alive. Rather, when should you raise the dilemma? Raise it according to the opinion of the one who said that the congregation brings the offering. What is the halakha? The Gemara elaborates: The congregation exists, as together the two minorities constitute a majority of the congregation who performed the transgression.

אוֹ דִּלְמָא [יְדִיעָה] דְּהָהוּא בֵּית דִּין דְּהוֹרוּ בָּעִינַן! תֵּיקוּ.

Or perhaps, for liability we require the awareness of the same court that issued the ruling, and that court no longer exists. The Gemara concludes: The dilemma shall stand unresolved.

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן: מֵאָה שֶׁיָּשְׁבוּ לְהוֹרוֹת – אֵין חַיָּיבִין עַד שֶׁיּוֹרוּ כּוּלָּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְאִם כׇּל עֲדַת יִשְׂרָאֵל יִשְׁגּוּ״, עַד שֶׁיִּשְׁגּוּ כּוּלָּן [עַד שֶׁתִּפְשׁוֹט הוֹרָאָה בְּכׇל עֲדַת יִשְׂרָאֵל] אָמַר רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב הוֹשַׁעְיָא: הָכִי נָמֵי מִסְתַּבְּרָא, דִּבְכָל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ קַיְימָא לַן רוּבּוֹ כְּכוּלּוֹ, וְהָכָא כְּתִיב ״כׇּל הָעֵדָה״ – הוֹאִיל וְכָךְ, אֲפִילּוּ הֵן מֵאָה.

§ Rabbi Yonatan says: Even in the case of one hundred judges who convened to issue a ruling and erred, they are not liable to bring an offering unless they all issue that ruling, as it is stated with regard to liability to bring the offering: “And if the entire assembly of Israel shall act unwittingly” (Leviticus 4:13). From the term “entire” it is derived that the judges are not liable until they all act unwittingly, and the ruling must disseminate and be adopted throughout the entire assembly of Israel, i.e., the Sanhedrin. Rav Huna, son of Rav Hoshaya, said: So too it is reasonable to conclude this, as throughout the entire Torah we maintain the principle: The legal status of the majority of an entity is considered like all of that entity, and here: “The entire assembly,” is written. Since it is so, a majority does not suffice. Even if they are one hundred judges, they are liable only if the erroneous ruling was unanimous.

[תְּנַן:] הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין, וְיָדַע אֶחָד מֵהֶן שֶׁטָּעוּ, אוֹ תַּלְמִיד וְרָאוּי לְהוֹרָאָה, וְהָלַךְ וְעָשָׂה עַל פִּיהֶם, בֵּין שֶׁעָשׂוּ וְעָשָׂה עִמָּהֶן, וּבֵין שֶׁעָשׂוּ וְעָשָׂה אַחֲרֵיהֶן, וּבֵין שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ וְעָשָׂה – הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּיב, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא תָּלָה בְּבֵית דִּין.

We learned in the mishna: If the court issued that ruling, and one of the judges knew that they erred, despite the fact that the majority ruled against his opinion, or if he was a student and was qualified to issue halakhic rulings, and that judge or student proceeded and performed that transgression on the basis of the court’s ruling, then whether the judges performed the transgression and he performed it with them, or whether the judges performed the transgression and he performed it after them, or whether the judges did not perform the transgression and he performed it alone, in all these cases the judge or the student is liable to bring an offering. This is due to the fact that he did not associate his action with the ruling of the court.

הַאי הוּא דְּחַיָּיב, הָא אַחֵר פָּטוּר, וְאַמַּאי? הָא לֹא נִגְמְרָה הוֹרָאָה! הָכָא בְּמַאי עָסְקִינַן? כְּגוֹן שֶׁהִרְכִּין הַהוּא אֶחָד מֵהֶן בְּרֹאשׁוֹ.

The Gemara notes that one may infer: It is this judge or student who is liable, but another who acts on the basis of the ruling of the court is exempt. But why would he be exempt? The ruling is not completed if it is not unanimous. The Gemara answers: What are we dealing with here? We are dealing with a case where the one dissenting judge among them bowed his head and indicated his agreement with the remaining judges.

תָּא שְׁמַע: הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין, וְיָדַע אֶחָד מֵהֶן שֶׁטָּעוּ וְאָמַר לָהֶן ״טוֹעִין אַתֶּם״ – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ פְּטוּרִים. טַעְמָא דְּאָמַר לָהֶן ״טוֹעִין אַתֶּם״ – דִּפְטוּרִים, הָא שָׁתֵיק מִישְׁתָּק – חַיָּיבִין, וְגָמַר לַהּ הוֹרָאָה, וְאַמַּאי? וְהָא לֹא הוֹרוּ כּוּלָּן! אָמְרִי: הָכִי נָמֵי כְּגוֹן שֶׁהִרְכִּין בְּרֹאשׁוֹ.

The Gemara suggests: Come and hear proof from a mishna (4b): If the court issued a ruling, and one of the judges knew that they erred and he said to them: You are mistaken, they are exempt. One may infer: The reason that they are exempt is that the judge said to them: You are mistaken. But if he was silent, they are liable, and the ruling is complete. And why, according to Rabbi Yonatan, would they be liable? But isn’t it so that not all of them issued the same ruling? The Sages say in response: So too here, it is a case where the dissenting judge bowed his head.

מֵתִיב רַב מְשַׁרְשְׁיָא: סָמְכוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ עַל דִּבְרֵי רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל וְעַל דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי צָדוֹק, שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹמְרִים: אֵין גּוֹזְרִין גְּזֵירָה עַל הַצִּבּוּר אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן רוֹב הַצִּבּוּר יְכוֹלִין לַעֲמוֹד בָּהּ,

Rav Mesharshiyya raises an objection to the statement of Rabbi Yonatan from a baraita: Our Sages relied on the statement of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel and on the statement of Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Tzadok, who would say: One does not issue a decree upon the congregation unless the majority of the congregation is able to withstand it.

וְאָמַר רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַבָּא: מַאי קְרָא? ״בַּמְּאֵרָה אַתֶּם נֵאָרִים וְאֹתִי אַתֶּם קֹבְעִים הַגּוֹי כֻּלּוֹ״. וְהָא הָכָא דִּכְתִיב ״הַגּוֹי כֻּלּוֹ״, וְרוּבָּא כְּכוֹלָּא דָּמֵי, תְּיוּבְתָּא דְּרַבִּי (יוֹחָנָן) [יוֹנָתָן]. תְּיוּבְתָּא.

And Rav Adda bar Abba said: What is the verse from which this principle is derived? It is derived from the verse: “With the curse you are cursed, yet you rob Me, the entire nation” (Malachi 3:9). The verse is referring to the oath taken by the entire people to observe the halakhot of tithes, and they violated those halakhot. But here it is written: “The entire nation,” and yet, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel and Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Tzadok, relied on this verse to derive that the legal status of the majority of an entity is like that of the entire entity, and therefore if a majority of the congregation can withstand the decree the court may issue it. The Gemara concludes: The refutation of the opinion of Rabbi Yonatan is indeed a conclusive refutation.

וְאֶלָּא, מַאי ״כׇּל עֲדַת״ דְּקָאָמַר רַחֲמָנָא? הָכִי קָאָמַר: אִי אִיכָּא כּוּלָּם – הָוְיָא הוֹרָאָה, וְאִי לָא – לָא הָוְיָא הוֹרָאָה.

The Gemara asks: Rather, now that Rabbi Yonatan’s opinion has been refuted, what is derived from the phrase “the entire assembly” that the Merciful One states? This is what it is saying: If there are all the judges present and they issue that ruling based on the majority, it is a ruling, and if not, it is not a ruling.

אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: עֲשָׂרָה שֶׁיּוֹשְׁבִין בַּדִּין – קוֹלָר תָּלוּי בְּצַוַּאר כּוּלָּן. פְּשִׁיטָא! הָא קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן דַּאֲפִילּוּ תַּלְמִיד בִּפְנֵי רַבּוֹ.

With regard to a court session Rabbi Yehoshua says: When there are ten judges who sit in judgment, the chain [kolar] placed around the neck of the person taken to his punishment is suspended around the neck of all of them, i.e., they are all responsible for the decision. The Gemara asks: Isn’t this obvious? The Gemara answers: This teaches us that even a student before his teacher may not be silent in deference to his teacher, as he bears responsibility for an erroneous ruling.

רַב הוּנָא כִּי הֲוָה נָפֵיק לְבֵי דִינָא, מַיְיתִי עֲשָׂרָה תַּנָּאֵי דְבֵי רַב לְקַמֵּיהּ, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּנִימְטְיַין שִׁיבָּא מִכְּשׁוּרָא. רַב אָשֵׁי כִּי הֲווֹ מַיְיתִי טְרֵפְתָּא לְקַמֵּיהּ, מַיְיתֵי עֲשָׂרָה טַבָּחֵי מִמָּתָא מַחְסֵיָא וּמוֹתֵיב קַמֵּיהּ, אָמַר: כִּי הֵיכָא דְּנִימְטְיַין שִׁיבָּא מִכְּשׁוּרָא.

The Gemara relates: Rav Huna, when he would go out to the court to sit in judgment, would bring ten tanna’im, i.e., people who recited mishnayot and baraitot in the study hall, to sit before him and serve as partners in judgment with him. He said: I do this so that we will each receive a splinter from the beam, i.e., each of us will bear only a small part of the responsibility. The Gemara relates on a similar note: Rav Ashi, when they would bring a slaughtered animal before him to determine whether or not it was a tereifa, would bring ten slaughterers from Mata Meḥasya and sit them before him while rendering his decision. He said: I do this so that we will each receive a splinter from the beam.

מַתְנִי׳ הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין וְיָדְעוּ שֶׁטָּעוּ וְחָזְרוּ בָּהֶן, בֵּין שֶׁהֵבִיאוּ כַּפָּרָתָן וּבֵין שֶׁלֹּא הֵבִיאוּ כַּפָּרָתָן, וְהָלַךְ וְעָשָׂה עַל פִּיהֶן – רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר, וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: סָפֵק. אֵיזֶהוּ סָפֵק? יָשַׁב לוֹ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ – חַיָּיב, הָלַךְ לוֹ לִמְדִינַת הַיָּם – פָּטוּר.

MISHNA: In a case where the judges of the court issued an erroneous ruling and they discovered that they erred and reversed their decision, whether they brought their atonement offering for their erroneous ruling or whether they did not bring their atonement offering, and an individual who was unaware of the new ruling proceeded and performed a transgression on the basis of their first ruling, Rabbi Shimon deems him exempt from bringing an offering, and Rabbi Elazar says: There is uncertainty with regard to his status and he is liable to bring a provisional guilt-offering. Which is the case of uncertainty for which one is liable to bring a provisional guilt-offering? If one sat inside his house and performed the transgression he is liable to bring a provisional guilt-offering, as he could have learned of the change in the court’s ruling. If he went to a country overseas and is relying on the initial ruling, he is exempt.

אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא: מוֹדֶה אֲנִי בָּזֶה שֶׁהוּא קָרוֹב לִפְטוּר מִן הַחוֹבָה. אָמַר לוֹ בֶּן עַזַּאי: מַאי שְׁנָא זֶה מִן הַיּוֹשֵׁב בְּבֵיתוֹ? שֶׁהַיּוֹשֵׁב בְּבֵיתוֹ אֶפְשָׁר הָיָה לוֹ שֶׁיִּשְׁמַע, וְזֶה לֹא הָיָה לוֹ אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּשְׁמַע.

Rabbi Akiva said: I concede in that case of one who went overseas that he is closer to exemption than he is to liability. Ben Azzai said to him: In what way is this person who went overseas different from one who sits in his house? Rabbi Akiva said to him: The difference is that with regard to one who sits in his house it would have been possible for him to hear of the court’s reversal, but with regard to that person who went overseas, it would not have been possible for him to hear of the court’s reversal.

הוֹרוּ בֵּית דִּין לַעֲקוֹר אֶת כָּל הַגּוּף, אָמְרוּ: אֵין נִדָּה בַּתּוֹרָה, אֵין שַׁבָּת בַּתּוֹרָה, אֵין עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה בַּתּוֹרָה – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ פְּטוּרִין. הוֹרוּ לְבַטֵּל מִקְצָת וּלְקַיֵּים מִקְצָת – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ חַיָּיבִין.

The mishna explains for which type of unwitting transgression based on the ruling of the court there is liability to bring an offering. In a case where the judges of the court issued an erroneous ruling to abolish the entire essence of a mitzva, not only a detail thereof, e.g., they said: There is no prohibition against engaging in intercourse with a menstruating woman written in the Torah, or there is no prohibition against performing prohibited labor on Shabbat written in the Torah, or there is no prohibition against engaging in idol worship written in the Torah, these judges are exempt, as this is an error based on ignorance, not an erroneous ruling. If the judges issued a ruling to nullify part of a mitzva and to sustain part of that mitzva, these judges are liable.

כֵּיצַד? אָמְרוּ: יֵשׁ נִדָּה בַּתּוֹרָה, אֲבָל הַבָּא עַל שׁוֹמֶרֶת יוֹם כְּנֶגֶד יוֹם – פָּטוּר,

How so? An example of this is if the judges said: There is a prohibition against engaging in intercourse with a menstruating woman written in the Torah, but one who engages in intercourse with a woman who observes a clean day for a day she experiences a discharge is exempt. When the woman sees a discharge of blood for one or two days during the eleven days between the end of one menstrual period and the expected start of another, the blood is assumed to not be menstrual blood. If after the second day, the next day passes without any discharge of blood, she may immerse immediately and she is ritually pure. The judges ruled erroneously that it is permitted to engage in intercourse with her on the day that she is observing a clean day, even without the day having passed and her having immersed.

יֵשׁ שַׁבָּת בַּתּוֹרָה, אֲבָל הַמּוֹצִיא מֵרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים – פָּטוּר,

Another example is if they said: There is a prohibition against performing prohibited labor on Shabbat written in the Torah, but one who carries out objects from the private domain to the public domain is exempt.

יֵשׁ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה בַּתּוֹרָה, אֲבָל הַמִּשְׁתַּחֲוֶה – פָּטוּר, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ חַיָּיבִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְנֶעֱלַם דָּבָר״ – דָּבָר, וְלֹא כָּל הַגּוּף.

Another example is if they said: There is a prohibition against engaging in idol worship written in the Torah, but one who bows to the idol but does not sacrifice an offering is exempt. In all of these cases, these judges are liable, as it is stated: “And the matter is hidden” (Leviticus 4:13), from which it is derived that there is liability only if a matter, a single detail, is hidden, but not if the entire essence of a mitzva is hidden.

גְּמָ׳ אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: מַאי טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן? הוֹאִיל וּבִרְשׁוּת בֵּית דִּין הוּא עוֹשֶׂה. אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב, אוֹמֵר הָיָה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן: כׇּל הוֹרָאָה שֶׁיָּצְאָה בְּרוֹב צִבּוּר – יָחִיד הָעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ פָּטוּר, לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא נִיתְּנָה הוֹרָאָה אֶלָּא לְהַבְחִין בֵּין שׁוֹגֵג לְמֵזִיד.

GEMARA: The mishna teaches that Rabbi Shimon deems exempt one who performed a transgression on the basis of the initial ruling of the court even though the court reversed its ruling. Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: What is the reason for the statement of Rabbi Shimon? The reason is since it is with the permission of the court that he performs the transgression, he is exempt. Some say there is a different version of the statement cited by Rav Yehuda: Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: Rabbi Shimon would say: Concerning any ruling that disseminated to the majority of the congregation, even if the court later reversed that decision, an individual who performs a transgression based on the first ruling is exempt, because a ruling is given only to distinguish between unwitting and intentional acts. One who performs an action on the basis of that ruling is unwitting, as he associated his action with the court, and he is unaware that the court reversed its decision.

מֵיתִיבִי: פַּר הֶעְלֵם דָּבָר שֶׁל צִבּוּר וּשְׂעִירֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה – בַּתְּחִלָּה גּוֹבִין עֲלֵיהֶן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: מִתְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה הֵן בָּאִין. אַמַּאי, כֵּיוָן דְּגָבֵי לְהוּ, הָוֵי לֵיהּ ״הוֹדַע״!

The Gemara raises an objection from a baraita: For a bull brought for an unwitting communal sin, and for goats brought for the unwitting violation of the prohibition of idol worship, the Temple treasury collects money from the congregation to pay for the offerings from the outset, i.e., a collection undertaken specifically for that offering; this is the statement of Rabbi Shimon. Rabbi Yehuda says: The money for purchasing these offerings comes from the funds of the collection of the Temple treasury chamber, just like the money for purchasing all other communal offerings. According to Rabbi Shimon, why is this person exempt? Since they collect money specifically for each of these communal sin-offerings, the transgression is for him one that became known, as he presumably heard about the collection, and he should be liable because he is aware of the reversal in the court’s ruling.

אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: כְּגוֹן שֶׁגָּבוּ סְתָם.

The Gemara answers: If you wish, say that the reference in the mishna is to a case where they collected the money without specification. Therefore, he was unaware of the reversal of the court’s ruling.

וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: כְּגוֹן דְּלָא הֲוָה לֵיהּ בְּמָתָא.

And if you wish, say instead that the reference in the mishna is to a case where the person was not in the city. Therefore, he was unaware of the collection of the funds and unaware of the reversal of the ruling of the court.

וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: רַב כְּאִידַּךְ תַּנָּא סָבַר, דְּתַנְיָא אִיפְּכָא: בַּתְּחִילָּה גּוֹבִין לָהֶן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: מִתְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה הֵן בָּאִין.

And if you wish, say instead that Rav holds in accordance with the opinion of the other tanna who cited the dispute between Rabbi Shimon and Rabbi Yehuda, as it is taught in a baraita with the attribution of the opinions reversed: The Temple treasury collects money from the congregation to pay for the offerings from the outset; this is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda. Rabbi Shimon says: The money for purchasing these offerings comes from the funds of the collection of the Temple treasury chamber. According to Rabbi Shimon’s opinion in this baraita, it is possible that the transgressor remained unaware that the court reversed its decision.

תָּנֵי: רַבִּי מֵאִיר מְחַיֵּיב, וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: סָפֵק, מִשּׁוּם סוֹמְכוֹס אָמְרוּ: תָּלוּי. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אָשָׁם תָּלוּי אִיכָּא בֵּינַיְיהוּ.

Apropos this topic, it is taught in a baraita: If an individual performed a transgression on the basis of the original ruling of the court after the court reversed its ruling, Rabbi Meir deems him liable to bring a sin-offering and Rabbi Shimon deems him exempt. Rabbi Elazar says: There is uncertainty with regard to his status. In the name of Sumakhos, the Sages said: His status is suspended and remains uncertain. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is with regard to a provisional guilt-offering that there is a practical difference between the opinion of Rabbi Elazar and the opinion of Sumakhos. According to Rabbi Elazar, he is liable to bring a provisional guilt-offering, whereas according to Sumakhos the question of his liability is suspended, and he does not bring a provisional guilt-offering.

אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא: מָשָׁל דְּרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר לָמָּה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה? לְאָדָם שֶׁאָכַל סָפֵק חֵלֶב סָפֵק שׁוּמָּן, וְנוֹדַע לוֹ, שֶׁמֵּבִיא אָשָׁם.

Rabbi Zeira says: There is an analogy to illustrate the opinion of Rabbi Elazar. To what is this matter comparable? It is comparable to a person who ate a piece of fat with regard to which there is uncertainty whether it is forbidden fat and uncertainty whether it is permitted fat, and he thought that he was eating permitted fat. And he later became aware that there is uncertainty whether he unwittingly ate fat for which one is liable to receive karet if he ate it intentionally, as in this case he is liable to bring a provisional guilt-offering. In the case in the baraita too, when he later discovered that the court reversed its ruling, it is like one who is uncertain whether he associated his action with the court or associated his action with himself.