Nedarim 32
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Nedarim 32
מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּתְעַסֵּק בַּמָּלוֹן תְּחִלָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וַיְהִי בַּדֶּרֶךְ בַּמָּלוֹן״.
Because he was occupied with lodging first and did not immediately perform the mitzva of circumcision, as it is stated: “And it came to pass on the way at the lodging-place” (Exodus 4:24).
רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: לֹא לְמֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ בִּקֵּשׁ שָׂטָן לַהֲרוֹג, אֶלָּא לְאוֹתוֹ תִּינוֹק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי חֲתַן דָּמִים אַתָּה לִי״, צֵא וּרְאֵה מִי קָרוּי חָתָן — הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זֶה הַתִּינוֹק.
Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: It was not Moses our teacher that Satan wanted to kill, but rather, that infant who was not circumcised, as it is stated: “Surely a bridegroom of blood are you to me” (Exodus 4:25). Go out and see: Who does it make sense would be the one that is called the bridegroom in this instance? You must say this is the infant, since he is the one who entered the covenant of Abraham by means of the circumcision.
דָּרֵשׁ רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר בִּיזְנָא: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּתְרַשֵּׁל מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ מִן הַמִּילָה, בָּאוּ ״אַף״ וְ״חֵימָה״ וּבְלָעוּהוּ, וְלֹא שִׁיְּירוּ מִמֶּנּוּ אֶלָּא רַגְלָיו. מִיָּד ״וַתִּקַּח צִפֹּרָה צֹר וַתִּכְרֹת אֶת עׇרְלַת בְּנָהּ״, מִיָּד ״וַיִּרֶף מִמֶּנּוּ״.
Rabbi Yehuda bar Bizna taught: At the time that Moses our teacher was negligent about the circumcision, the destructive angels named Af, meaning anger, and Ḥeima, meaning wrath, came and swallowed him, and only his legs were left outside. Immediately, “Zipporah took a flint, and cut off the foreskin of her son” (Exodus 4:25), and immediately “He let him alone” (Exodus 4:26).
בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה בִּיקֵּשׁ מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ לְהוֹרְגָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הֶרֶף מֵאַף וַעֲזֹב חֵמָה״. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: לְחֵימָה הֲרָגוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״חֵמָה אֵין לִי״. וְהָכְתִיב: ״כִּי יָגֹרְתִּי מִפְּנֵי הָאַף וְהַחֵמָה״! תְּרֵי חֵימָה הֲווֹ. וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: גּוּנְדָּא דְחֵימָה.
At that moment, Moses our teacher wanted to kill them, as it is stated: “Cease from anger [af ] and forsake wrath [ḥeima]” (Psalms 37:8), which indicates that he wanted to harm them. And there are those who say: He killed the angel named Ḥeima, as it is stated: “Wrath is not in me” (Isaiah 27:4). The Gemara asks: How is it possible to say that he killed Ḥeima? Isn’t it written that Moses himself said much later: “For I was in dread of the anger and wrath” (Deuteronomy 9:19)? The Gemara answers: There are two types of wrath. And if you wish, say that the army of Ḥeima remained but not the angel itself.
תַּנְיָא רַבִּי אוֹמֵר: גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה, שֶׁאֵין לָךְ מִי שֶׁנִּתְעַסֵּק בְּמִצְוֹת כְּאַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ, וְלֹא נִקְרָא תָּמִים אֶלָּא עַל שֵׁם מִילָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים״, וּכְתִיב: ״וְאֶתְּנָה בְרִיתִי בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶךָ״.
It is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: Great is the mitzva of circumcision, for there is no one who was engaged in mitzvot like Abraham our Patriarch, and yet he was called wholehearted only due to the mitzva of circumcision, as it is stated: “Walk before Me and you should be wholehearted” (Genesis 17:1), and it is written in the next verse: “And I will make My covenant between Me and you” (Genesis 17:2), and Abraham was then commanded with regard to circumcision. This indicates that he was not called wholehearted until he performed circumcision.
דָּבָר אַחֵר: גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה, שֶׁשְּׁקוּלָה כְּנֶגֶד כׇּל הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי עַל פִּי הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וְגוֹ׳״, דָּבָר אַחֵר: גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה, שֶׁאִילְמָלֵא מִילָה לֹא נִתְקַיְּימוּ שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אִם לֹא בְּרִיתִי יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה וְגוֹ׳״.
Alternatively, so great is the mitzva of circumcision that it is equal to all the mitzvot of the Torah, as it is stated at the giving of the Torah: “For according to these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel” (Exodus 34:27), and “covenant” refers to circumcision. Alternatively, so great is the mitzva of circumcision that if not for circumcision heaven and earth would not have been established, as it is stated: “If My covenant be not with day and night, I would not have appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth” (Jeremiah 33:25), and the covenant that exists day and night is the covenant of circumcision, as it is always found on the person’s body.
וּפְלִיגָא דְּרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר: גְּדוֹלָה תּוֹרָה, שֶׁאִילְמָלֵא תּוֹרָה לֹא נִתְקַיְּימוּ שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אִם לֹא בְרִיתִי יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה חֻקּוֹת שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ לֹא שָׂמְתִּי וְגוֹ׳״.
The Gemara comments: And this statement disagrees with the words of Rabbi Eliezer, for Rabbi Eliezer said: Great is the Torah, for if not for Torah, heaven and earth would not have been established, as it is stated: “If My covenant be not with day and night, I would not have appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth” (Jeremiah 33:25). According to Rabbi Eliezer, the covenant that exists day and night is the Torah, as it says: “You should contemplate it day and night” (Joshua 1:8).
אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ ״הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים״ אֲחָזַתּוּ רְעָדָה. אָמַר: שֶׁמָּא יֵשׁ בִּי דָּבָר מְגוּנֶּה. כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ: ״וְאֶתְּנָה בְרִיתִי בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶךָ״, נִתְקָרְרָה דַּעְתּוֹ.
Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: At the time that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Abraham our Patriarch: “Walk before Me and you should be wholehearted” (Genesis 17:1), a sensation of trembling seized him and he said: Perhaps there is something disgraceful about me due to a transgression that I committed, and therefore I cannot be called complete. When God said to him: “And I will make My covenant between Me and you” (Genesis 17:2), his mind was set at ease, since he understood that the removal of the foreskin that he was now commanded to do was the reason he had not yet achieved completion.
״וַיּוֹצֵא אֹתוֹ הַחוּצָה״, אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, הִסְתַּכַּלְתִּי בַּמַּזָּל שֶׁלִּי וְאֵין לִי אֶלָּא בֵּן אֶחָד. אָמַר לוֹ: צֵא מֵאִיצְטַגְנִינוּת שֶׁלְּךָ, אֵין מַזָּל לְיִשְׂרָאֵל.
The Gemara expounds the verse “and He brought him outside” (Genesis 15:5): Abraham said before Him: Master of the Universe, I looked at my constellation and according to it I will have only one son, and a son has already been born to me, i.e., Ishmael. He said to him: Emerge from your astrology because there is no constellation for the Jewish people, as they are not subject to the influence of astrology.
אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: כׇּל הַמְתַמֵּים עַצְמוֹ — הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתַּמֵּים עִמּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״עִם חָסִיד תִּתְחַסָּד עִם גִּבּוֹר תָּמִים תִּתַּמָּם״.
Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Anyone who conducts himself with wholeheartedness, the Holy One, Blessed be He, treats him with wholeheartedness, as it is stated: “With the devout You act devoutly, and with the one who is strong in his wholeheartedness You act wholeheartedly” (II Samuel 22:26).
אָמַר רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא: כׇּל הַמְתַמֵּים עַצְמוֹ — שָׁעָה עוֹמֶדֶת לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים״, וּכְתִיב: ״וְהָיִיתָ לְאַב הֲמוֹן גּוֹיִם״.
Rabbi Hoshaya said: Anyone who acts wholeheartedly, time will stand for him, i.e., he will be successful, as it is stated: “Walk before Me and you should be wholehearted” (Genesis 17:1), and it is written: “And you shall be the father of a multitude of nations” (Genesis 17:4).
אָמַר רַבִּי: כֹּל הַמְנַחֵשׁ — לוֹ נַחַשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי לֹא נַחַשׁ בְּיַעֲקֹב״. וְהָא בְּלָמֶד אָלֶף כְּתִיב! אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם מִדָּה כְּנֶגֶד מִדָּה.
Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said: Anyone who divines, i.e., he guesses and looks for signs about the future, the sign will injure him, as it is stated: “For there is to him [lo] divination with Jacob” (Numbers 23:23). The Gemara asks: But it is written lo with the letters lamed alef, meaning “no divination,” as opposed to with the letters lamed vav, meaning “there is to him divination.” The straightforward meaning of the verse is that there is no divination with regard to Jacob. Rather, the reason that he will be injured is not based on the verse but rather due to the concept of measure for measure: Since he attempts to tell his fortune, it injures him.
תָּנֵי אַהֲבָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי זֵירָא: כׇּל אָדָם שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְנַחֵשׁ, מַכְנִיסִין אוֹתוֹ בִּמְחִיצָה שֶׁאֲפִילּוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת אֵין יְכוֹלִין לִיכָּנֵס בְּתוֹכָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי לֹא נַחַשׁ בְּיַעֲקֹב וְלֹא קֶסֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹ׳״.
Ahava, son of Rabbi Zeira, teaches: Any person who does not divine his future is brought inside a partition close to God to a place that even the ministering angels cannot enter inside, as it is stated: “For there is no divination with Jacob, neither is there any enchantment with Israel, now it is said to Jacob and Israel what has God wrought” (Numbers 23:23). In other words, matters are revealed to Israel that even the angels do not know, since Israel is closer to God than the angels.
אָמַר רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: מִפְּנֵי מָה נֶעֱנַשׁ אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ וְנִשְׁתַּעְבְּדוּ בָּנָיו לְמִצְרַיִם מָאתַיִם וְעֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים — מִפְּנֵי שֶׁעָשָׂה אַנְגַּרְיָיא בְּתַלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיָּרֶק אֶת חֲנִיכָיו יְלִידֵי בֵיתוֹ״.
Rabbi Abbahu said that Rabbi Elazar said: For what reason was Abraham our Patriarch punished and his children enslaved to Egypt for 210 years? Because he made a draft [angarya] of Torah scholars, as it is stated: “He led forth his trained men, born in his house” (Genesis 14:14). These trained men that he took to war were actually his disciples, who were Torah scholars.
וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִפְרִיז עַל מִדּוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה״. וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: שֶׁהִפְרִישׁ בְּנֵי אָדָם מִלְּהִכָּנֵס תַּחַת כַּנְפֵי הַשְּׁכִינָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״תֶּן לִי הַנֶּפֶשׁ וְהָרְכֻשׁ קַח לָךְ״.
And Shmuel said: Because he greatly examined [hifriz] the characteristics of the Holy One, Blessed be He, as it is stated: “Whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it?” (Genesis 15:8). And Rabbi Yoḥanan said: He was punished because he distanced people from entering under the wings of the Divine Presence, as it is stated that the king of Sodom said to him: “Give me the people and take the goods to yourself” (Genesis 14:21), but Abraham refused to take any goods either. If he had not listened to the king of Sodom and had allowed the people to remain with him, he would have brought the prisoners under the wings of the Divine Presence.
״וַיָּרֶק אֶת חֲנִיכָיו יְלִידֵי בֵיתוֹ״, רַב אָמַר: שֶׁהוֹרִיקָן בַּתּוֹרָה. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: שֶׁהוֹרִיקָן בְּזָהָב.
The Gemara returns to discuss one of the verses cited previously: “He led forth [vayyarek] his trained men, born in his house” (Genesis 14:14). Rav said: He showered them [horikan] with Torah like someone who pours from one vessel into another, and Shmuel said: He showered them [horikan] with gold and gave them an abundance of money so that they would go to war with him.
״שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר וּשְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת״, אָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי בַּר אַבָּא: אֱלִיעֶזֶר כְּנֶגֶד כּוּלָּם. אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: אֱלִיעֶזֶר הוּא, דְּחוּשְׁבָּנֵיהּ הָכִי הָוֵי.
The Torah states that he took “eighteen and three hundred” (Genesis 14:14) men to war. Rabbi Ami bar Abba said: Eliezer was equivalent to all of them. There are those who say: Only Eliezer is referred to here, as the numerical value of the letters of his name is this amount, i.e., 318.
וְאָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי בַּר אַבָּא: בֵּן שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים הִכִּיר אַבְרָהָם אֶת בּוֹרְאוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם בְּקֹלִי״ — חוּשְׁבָּנֵיהּ מְאָה וְשִׁבְעִין וּתְרֵין.
And Rabbi Ami bar Abba said: Abraham recognized his Creator at the age of three years, as it is stated: “Because [ekev] Abraham hearkened to My voice” (Genesis 26:5). The numerical value of the letters of the word ekev is 172, indicating that he observed the halakha for this many years. If Abraham lived until 175 then his first recognition of the Creator must have been at the age of three.
וְאָמַר רָמֵי בַּר אַבָּא:
And Rami bar Abba said in a similar manner:
״הַשָּׂטָן״ בְּחוּשְׁבָּנֵיהּ תְּלָת מְאָה וְשִׁיתִּין וְאַרְבְּעָה. וְאָמַר רָמֵי בַּר אַבָּא: כְּתִיב ״אַבְרָם״, וּכְתִיב ״אַבְרָהָם״. בַּתְּחִלָּה הִמְלִיכוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל מָאתַיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁלֹשָׁה אֵבָרִים, וּלְבַסּוֹף הִמְלִיכוֹ עַל מָאתַיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁמוֹנֶה אֵבָרִים,
The letters of the term the Satan [haSatan] in numerical value is 364, which equals the number of days of the year, except for Yom Kippur, during which he has no power. And Rami bar Abba said: It is written “Abram,” and after he was commanded to perform circumcision it is written “Abraham” (Genesis 17:5). Initially the Holy One, Blessed be He, enthroned him as ruler over 243 limbs, which is the numerical equivalent of the letters of the word Abram. And in the end, after he was circumcised, He enthroned him as ruler over 248 limbs, which is the numerical equivalent of the letters of the word Abraham.
אֵלּוּ הֵן: שְׁתֵּי עֵינַיִם, וּשְׁתֵּי אׇזְנַיִם, וְרֹאשׁ הַגְּוִיָּיה.
These are the additional limbs: Two eyes, and two ears, and the tip of the sex organ. Following his circumcision, he had total control over them, and they performed only according to his will.
וְאָמַר רָמֵי בַּר אַבָּא, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״עִיר קְטַנָּה וַאֲנָשִׁים וְגוֹ׳״. ״עִיר קְטַנָּה״ — זֶה הַגּוּף, ״וַאֲנָשִׁים בָּהּ מְעַט״ — אֵלּוּ אֵבָרִים, ״וּבָא אֵלֶיהָ מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל וְסָבַב אֹתָהּ״ — זֶה יֵצֶר הָרָע, ״וּבָנָה עָלֶיהָ מְצוֹדִים וַחֲרָמִים״ — אֵלּוּ עֲוֹנוֹת,
And Rami bar Abba said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “There was a little city and few men in it, and there came a great king against it, and besieged it, and built great bulwarks against it. Now there was found in it a man poor and wise, and he by his wisdom delivered the city; yet no man remembered that same poor man” (Ecclesiastes 9:14–15)? “A little city,” this is referring to the body; “and few men in it,” this is referring to the limbs; “and there came a great king against it and besieged it,” this is referring to the evil inclination; “and built great bulwarks against it,” these are sins.
״וּמָצָא בָהּ אִישׁ מִסְכֵּן וְחָכָם״ — זֶה יֵצֶר טוֹב, ״וּמִלַּט הוּא אֶת הָעִיר בְּחׇכְמָתוֹ״ — זוֹ תְּשׁוּבָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים. ״וְאָדָם לֹא זָכַר אֶת הָאִישׁ הַמִּסְכֵּן הַהוּא״ — דְּבִשְׁעַת יֵצֶר הָרָע לֵית דְּמִדְּכַר לֵיהּ לְיֵצֶר טוֹב.
The Gemara expounds on the next section of the verse: “Now there was found in it a man poor and wise,” this is referring to the good inclination; “and he by his wisdom delivered the city,” this is referring to repentance and good deeds that are caused by the good inclination. “Yet no man remembered that same poor man” means that when the evil inclination overcomes the good inclination no one remembers the good inclination.
״הַחׇכְמָה תָּעֹז לֶחָכָם מֵעֲשָׂרָה שַׁלִּיטִים״. ״הַחׇכְמָה תָּעֹז לֶחָכָם״ — זוֹ תְּשׁוּבָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, ״מֵעֲשָׂרָה שַׁלִּיטִים״ — שְׁתֵּי עֵינַיִם, וּשְׁתֵּי אׇזְנַיִם, וּשְׁתֵּי יָדַיִם, וּשְׁתֵּי רַגְלַיִם, וְרֹאשׁ הַגְּוִיָּיה, וּפֶה.
The Gemara interprets the following verse in a similar homiletical manner: “Wisdom is a stronghold to the wise man more than ten rulers that are in a city” (Ecclesiastes 7:19). “Wisdom is a stronghold to the wise man,” this is referring to repentance and good deeds. “More than ten rulers,” these are the two eyes, and two ears, and two hands, and two legs, and the tip of the sex organ, and the mouth, which are the limbs that are used by a person to interact with the world.
אָמַר רַבִּי זְכַרְיָה מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל: בִּיקֵּשׁ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהוֹצִיא כְּהוּנָּה מִשֵּׁם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהוּא כֹהֵן לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן״. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִקְדִּים בִּרְכַּת אַבְרָהָם לְבִרְכַּת הַמָּקוֹם — הוֹצִיאָהּ מֵאַבְרָהָם.
Rabbi Zekharya said in the name of Rabbi Yishmael: The Holy One, Blessed be He, wanted the priesthood to emerge from Shem, so that his children would be priests, as it is stated: “And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine; and he was priest of God the Most High” (Genesis 14:18). Once Melchizedek, traditionally identified as Shem, placed the blessing of Abraham before the blessing of the Omnipresent, He had the priesthood emerge from Abraham in particular, and not from any other descendant of Shem.
שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ וַיֹּאמַר בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן קֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ וּבָרוּךְ אֵל עֶלְיוֹן״. אָמַר לוֹ אַבְרָהָם: וְכִי מַקְדִּימִין בִּרְכַּת עֶבֶד לְבִרְכַּת קוֹנוֹ? מִיָּד נְתָנָהּ לְאַבְרָהָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״נְאֻם ה׳ לַאדֹנִי שֵׁב לִימִינִי עַד אָשִׁית אֹיְבֶיךָ הֲדֹם לְרַגְלֶיךָ״, וּבָתְרֵיהּ כְּתִיב: ״נִשְׁבַּע ה׳ וְלֹא יִנָּחֵם אַתָּה כֹהֵן לְעוֹלָם עַל דִּבְרָתִי מַלְכִּי צֶדֶק״. עַל דִּיבּוּרוֹ שֶׁל מַלְכִּי צֶדֶק.
As it is stated: “And he blessed him and said: Blessed be Abram of God Most High, Maker of heaven and earth, and blessed be God the Most High” (Genesis 14:19–20). Abraham said to him: And does one place the blessing of the servant before the blessing of his master? You should have blessed God first. Immediately the Holy One, Blessed be He, gave the priesthood to Abraham, as it is stated: “The Lord says to my lord: Sit at My right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool” (Psalms 110:1), and afterward it is written: “The Lord has sworn, and will not repent: you shall be a priest forever, because you are a king of righteousness [al divrati malki tzedek]” (Psalms 110:4), which is explained homiletically to mean: Due to the improper words [divrati] of Melchizedek, the offspring of Abraham shall be priests of God forever.
וְהַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב ״וְהוּא כֹהֵן לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן״: הוּא כֹּהֵן, וְאֵין זַרְעוֹ כֹּהֵן.
The Gemara comments: And this is as it is written: “And he was priest of God the Most High” (Genesis 14:18), which emphasizes that he, Melchizedek, is a priest, but his children will not be priests.
הַדְרָן עֲלָךְ אַרְבָּעָה נְדָרִים
אֵין בֵּין הַמּוּדָּר הֲנָאָה מֵחֲבֵירוֹ לַמּוּדָּר הֵימֶנּוּ מַאֲכָל אֶלָּא דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל וְכֵלִים שֶׁאֵין עוֹשִׂין בָּהֶם אוֹכֶל נֶפֶשׁ.
MISHNA: The difference between one for whom benefit from another is forbidden by vow [hamuddar hana’a meḥaveiro] and one for whom benefit from his food is forbidden by vow concerns only setting foot on the other person’s property and borrowing from that person utensils that one does not use in preparation of food but for other purposes. Those two benefits are forbidden to the former but permitted to the latter.
הַמּוּדָּר מַאֲכָל מֵחֲבֵירוֹ לֹא יַשְׁאִילֶנּוּ נָפָה וּכְבָרָה וְרֵיחַיִם וְתַנּוּר, אֲבָל מַשְׁאִיל לוֹ חָלוּק וְטַבַּעַת וְטַלִּית וּנְזָמִים.
Therefore, with regard to one for whom benefit from another’s food is forbidden by vow, that person may not lend him utensils used in the preparation of food, e.g., a sieve, or a strainer, or a millstone, or an oven. However, he may lend him a garment, or a finger ring, or a cloak, or nose rings, as these are not used in the preparation of food. However, he may not lend them to one for whom benefit from him is forbidden by vow.
גְּמָ׳ מַאן תְּנָא? אָמַר רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה: רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הִיא, דְּתַנְיָא רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: אֲפִילּוּ וִיתּוּר אָסוּר בְּמוּדַּר הֲנָאָה.
GEMARA: Who is the tanna who taught this mishna? Rav Adda bar Ahava said: It is Rabbi Eliezer, as it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Eliezer said: Even overlooking [vittur] a matter for which one is typically indifferent to the actions of others, e.g., people setting foot on one’s property, is prohibited in the case of one prohibited by vow from deriving benefit from another.
הַמּוּדָּר מַאֲכָל מֵחֲבֵירוֹ לֹא יַשְׁאִילֶנּוּ וְכוּ׳.
§ We learned in the mishna: With regard to one for whom benefit from another’s food is forbidden by vow, that person may not lend him utensils used in the preparation of food.
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Nedarim 32
מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּתְעַסֵּק בַּמָּלוֹן תְּחִלָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וַיְהִי בַּדֶּרֶךְ בַּמָּלוֹן״.
Because he was occupied with lodging first and did not immediately perform the mitzva of circumcision, as it is stated: “And it came to pass on the way at the lodging-place” (Exodus 4:24).
רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: לֹא לְמֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ בִּקֵּשׁ שָׂטָן לַהֲרוֹג, אֶלָּא לְאוֹתוֹ תִּינוֹק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי חֲתַן דָּמִים אַתָּה לִי״, צֵא וּרְאֵה מִי קָרוּי חָתָן — הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זֶה הַתִּינוֹק.
Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: It was not Moses our teacher that Satan wanted to kill, but rather, that infant who was not circumcised, as it is stated: “Surely a bridegroom of blood are you to me” (Exodus 4:25). Go out and see: Who does it make sense would be the one that is called the bridegroom in this instance? You must say this is the infant, since he is the one who entered the covenant of Abraham by means of the circumcision.
דָּרֵשׁ רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר בִּיזְנָא: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּתְרַשֵּׁל מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ מִן הַמִּילָה, בָּאוּ ״אַף״ וְ״חֵימָה״ וּבְלָעוּהוּ, וְלֹא שִׁיְּירוּ מִמֶּנּוּ אֶלָּא רַגְלָיו. מִיָּד ״וַתִּקַּח צִפֹּרָה צֹר וַתִּכְרֹת אֶת עׇרְלַת בְּנָהּ״, מִיָּד ״וַיִּרֶף מִמֶּנּוּ״.
Rabbi Yehuda bar Bizna taught: At the time that Moses our teacher was negligent about the circumcision, the destructive angels named Af, meaning anger, and Ḥeima, meaning wrath, came and swallowed him, and only his legs were left outside. Immediately, “Zipporah took a flint, and cut off the foreskin of her son” (Exodus 4:25), and immediately “He let him alone” (Exodus 4:26).
בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה בִּיקֵּשׁ מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ לְהוֹרְגָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הֶרֶף מֵאַף וַעֲזֹב חֵמָה״. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: לְחֵימָה הֲרָגוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״חֵמָה אֵין לִי״. וְהָכְתִיב: ״כִּי יָגֹרְתִּי מִפְּנֵי הָאַף וְהַחֵמָה״! תְּרֵי חֵימָה הֲווֹ. וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: גּוּנְדָּא דְחֵימָה.
At that moment, Moses our teacher wanted to kill them, as it is stated: “Cease from anger [af ] and forsake wrath [ḥeima]” (Psalms 37:8), which indicates that he wanted to harm them. And there are those who say: He killed the angel named Ḥeima, as it is stated: “Wrath is not in me” (Isaiah 27:4). The Gemara asks: How is it possible to say that he killed Ḥeima? Isn’t it written that Moses himself said much later: “For I was in dread of the anger and wrath” (Deuteronomy 9:19)? The Gemara answers: There are two types of wrath. And if you wish, say that the army of Ḥeima remained but not the angel itself.
תַּנְיָא רַבִּי אוֹמֵר: גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה, שֶׁאֵין לָךְ מִי שֶׁנִּתְעַסֵּק בְּמִצְוֹת כְּאַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ, וְלֹא נִקְרָא תָּמִים אֶלָּא עַל שֵׁם מִילָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים״, וּכְתִיב: ״וְאֶתְּנָה בְרִיתִי בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶךָ״.
It is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: Great is the mitzva of circumcision, for there is no one who was engaged in mitzvot like Abraham our Patriarch, and yet he was called wholehearted only due to the mitzva of circumcision, as it is stated: “Walk before Me and you should be wholehearted” (Genesis 17:1), and it is written in the next verse: “And I will make My covenant between Me and you” (Genesis 17:2), and Abraham was then commanded with regard to circumcision. This indicates that he was not called wholehearted until he performed circumcision.
דָּבָר אַחֵר: גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה, שֶׁשְּׁקוּלָה כְּנֶגֶד כׇּל הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי עַל פִּי הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וְגוֹ׳״, דָּבָר אַחֵר: גְּדוֹלָה מִילָה, שֶׁאִילְמָלֵא מִילָה לֹא נִתְקַיְּימוּ שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אִם לֹא בְּרִיתִי יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה וְגוֹ׳״.
Alternatively, so great is the mitzva of circumcision that it is equal to all the mitzvot of the Torah, as it is stated at the giving of the Torah: “For according to these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel” (Exodus 34:27), and “covenant” refers to circumcision. Alternatively, so great is the mitzva of circumcision that if not for circumcision heaven and earth would not have been established, as it is stated: “If My covenant be not with day and night, I would not have appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth” (Jeremiah 33:25), and the covenant that exists day and night is the covenant of circumcision, as it is always found on the person’s body.
וּפְלִיגָא דְּרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר: גְּדוֹלָה תּוֹרָה, שֶׁאִילְמָלֵא תּוֹרָה לֹא נִתְקַיְּימוּ שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אִם לֹא בְרִיתִי יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה חֻקּוֹת שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ לֹא שָׂמְתִּי וְגוֹ׳״.
The Gemara comments: And this statement disagrees with the words of Rabbi Eliezer, for Rabbi Eliezer said: Great is the Torah, for if not for Torah, heaven and earth would not have been established, as it is stated: “If My covenant be not with day and night, I would not have appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth” (Jeremiah 33:25). According to Rabbi Eliezer, the covenant that exists day and night is the Torah, as it says: “You should contemplate it day and night” (Joshua 1:8).
אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ ״הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים״ אֲחָזַתּוּ רְעָדָה. אָמַר: שֶׁמָּא יֵשׁ בִּי דָּבָר מְגוּנֶּה. כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ: ״וְאֶתְּנָה בְרִיתִי בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶךָ״, נִתְקָרְרָה דַּעְתּוֹ.
Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: At the time that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Abraham our Patriarch: “Walk before Me and you should be wholehearted” (Genesis 17:1), a sensation of trembling seized him and he said: Perhaps there is something disgraceful about me due to a transgression that I committed, and therefore I cannot be called complete. When God said to him: “And I will make My covenant between Me and you” (Genesis 17:2), his mind was set at ease, since he understood that the removal of the foreskin that he was now commanded to do was the reason he had not yet achieved completion.
״וַיּוֹצֵא אֹתוֹ הַחוּצָה״, אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, הִסְתַּכַּלְתִּי בַּמַּזָּל שֶׁלִּי וְאֵין לִי אֶלָּא בֵּן אֶחָד. אָמַר לוֹ: צֵא מֵאִיצְטַגְנִינוּת שֶׁלְּךָ, אֵין מַזָּל לְיִשְׂרָאֵל.
The Gemara expounds the verse “and He brought him outside” (Genesis 15:5): Abraham said before Him: Master of the Universe, I looked at my constellation and according to it I will have only one son, and a son has already been born to me, i.e., Ishmael. He said to him: Emerge from your astrology because there is no constellation for the Jewish people, as they are not subject to the influence of astrology.
אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: כׇּל הַמְתַמֵּים עַצְמוֹ — הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתַּמֵּים עִמּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״עִם חָסִיד תִּתְחַסָּד עִם גִּבּוֹר תָּמִים תִּתַּמָּם״.
Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Anyone who conducts himself with wholeheartedness, the Holy One, Blessed be He, treats him with wholeheartedness, as it is stated: “With the devout You act devoutly, and with the one who is strong in his wholeheartedness You act wholeheartedly” (II Samuel 22:26).
אָמַר רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא: כׇּל הַמְתַמֵּים עַצְמוֹ — שָׁעָה עוֹמֶדֶת לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים״, וּכְתִיב: ״וְהָיִיתָ לְאַב הֲמוֹן גּוֹיִם״.
Rabbi Hoshaya said: Anyone who acts wholeheartedly, time will stand for him, i.e., he will be successful, as it is stated: “Walk before Me and you should be wholehearted” (Genesis 17:1), and it is written: “And you shall be the father of a multitude of nations” (Genesis 17:4).
אָמַר רַבִּי: כֹּל הַמְנַחֵשׁ — לוֹ נַחַשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי לֹא נַחַשׁ בְּיַעֲקֹב״. וְהָא בְּלָמֶד אָלֶף כְּתִיב! אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם מִדָּה כְּנֶגֶד מִדָּה.
Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said: Anyone who divines, i.e., he guesses and looks for signs about the future, the sign will injure him, as it is stated: “For there is to him [lo] divination with Jacob” (Numbers 23:23). The Gemara asks: But it is written lo with the letters lamed alef, meaning “no divination,” as opposed to with the letters lamed vav, meaning “there is to him divination.” The straightforward meaning of the verse is that there is no divination with regard to Jacob. Rather, the reason that he will be injured is not based on the verse but rather due to the concept of measure for measure: Since he attempts to tell his fortune, it injures him.
תָּנֵי אַהֲבָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי זֵירָא: כׇּל אָדָם שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְנַחֵשׁ, מַכְנִיסִין אוֹתוֹ בִּמְחִיצָה שֶׁאֲפִילּוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת אֵין יְכוֹלִין לִיכָּנֵס בְּתוֹכָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי לֹא נַחַשׁ בְּיַעֲקֹב וְלֹא קֶסֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹ׳״.
Ahava, son of Rabbi Zeira, teaches: Any person who does not divine his future is brought inside a partition close to God to a place that even the ministering angels cannot enter inside, as it is stated: “For there is no divination with Jacob, neither is there any enchantment with Israel, now it is said to Jacob and Israel what has God wrought” (Numbers 23:23). In other words, matters are revealed to Israel that even the angels do not know, since Israel is closer to God than the angels.
אָמַר רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: מִפְּנֵי מָה נֶעֱנַשׁ אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ וְנִשְׁתַּעְבְּדוּ בָּנָיו לְמִצְרַיִם מָאתַיִם וְעֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים — מִפְּנֵי שֶׁעָשָׂה אַנְגַּרְיָיא בְּתַלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיָּרֶק אֶת חֲנִיכָיו יְלִידֵי בֵיתוֹ״.
Rabbi Abbahu said that Rabbi Elazar said: For what reason was Abraham our Patriarch punished and his children enslaved to Egypt for 210 years? Because he made a draft [angarya] of Torah scholars, as it is stated: “He led forth his trained men, born in his house” (Genesis 14:14). These trained men that he took to war were actually his disciples, who were Torah scholars.
וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִפְרִיז עַל מִדּוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה״. וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: שֶׁהִפְרִישׁ בְּנֵי אָדָם מִלְּהִכָּנֵס תַּחַת כַּנְפֵי הַשְּׁכִינָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״תֶּן לִי הַנֶּפֶשׁ וְהָרְכֻשׁ קַח לָךְ״.
And Shmuel said: Because he greatly examined [hifriz] the characteristics of the Holy One, Blessed be He, as it is stated: “Whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it?” (Genesis 15:8). And Rabbi Yoḥanan said: He was punished because he distanced people from entering under the wings of the Divine Presence, as it is stated that the king of Sodom said to him: “Give me the people and take the goods to yourself” (Genesis 14:21), but Abraham refused to take any goods either. If he had not listened to the king of Sodom and had allowed the people to remain with him, he would have brought the prisoners under the wings of the Divine Presence.
״וַיָּרֶק אֶת חֲנִיכָיו יְלִידֵי בֵיתוֹ״, רַב אָמַר: שֶׁהוֹרִיקָן בַּתּוֹרָה. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: שֶׁהוֹרִיקָן בְּזָהָב.
The Gemara returns to discuss one of the verses cited previously: “He led forth [vayyarek] his trained men, born in his house” (Genesis 14:14). Rav said: He showered them [horikan] with Torah like someone who pours from one vessel into another, and Shmuel said: He showered them [horikan] with gold and gave them an abundance of money so that they would go to war with him.
״שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר וּשְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת״, אָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי בַּר אַבָּא: אֱלִיעֶזֶר כְּנֶגֶד כּוּלָּם. אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: אֱלִיעֶזֶר הוּא, דְּחוּשְׁבָּנֵיהּ הָכִי הָוֵי.
The Torah states that he took “eighteen and three hundred” (Genesis 14:14) men to war. Rabbi Ami bar Abba said: Eliezer was equivalent to all of them. There are those who say: Only Eliezer is referred to here, as the numerical value of the letters of his name is this amount, i.e., 318.
וְאָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי בַּר אַבָּא: בֵּן שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים הִכִּיר אַבְרָהָם אֶת בּוֹרְאוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם בְּקֹלִי״ — חוּשְׁבָּנֵיהּ מְאָה וְשִׁבְעִין וּתְרֵין.
And Rabbi Ami bar Abba said: Abraham recognized his Creator at the age of three years, as it is stated: “Because [ekev] Abraham hearkened to My voice” (Genesis 26:5). The numerical value of the letters of the word ekev is 172, indicating that he observed the halakha for this many years. If Abraham lived until 175 then his first recognition of the Creator must have been at the age of three.
וְאָמַר רָמֵי בַּר אַבָּא:
And Rami bar Abba said in a similar manner:
״הַשָּׂטָן״ בְּחוּשְׁבָּנֵיהּ תְּלָת מְאָה וְשִׁיתִּין וְאַרְבְּעָה. וְאָמַר רָמֵי בַּר אַבָּא: כְּתִיב ״אַבְרָם״, וּכְתִיב ״אַבְרָהָם״. בַּתְּחִלָּה הִמְלִיכוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל מָאתַיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁלֹשָׁה אֵבָרִים, וּלְבַסּוֹף הִמְלִיכוֹ עַל מָאתַיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁמוֹנֶה אֵבָרִים,
The letters of the term the Satan [haSatan] in numerical value is 364, which equals the number of days of the year, except for Yom Kippur, during which he has no power. And Rami bar Abba said: It is written “Abram,” and after he was commanded to perform circumcision it is written “Abraham” (Genesis 17:5). Initially the Holy One, Blessed be He, enthroned him as ruler over 243 limbs, which is the numerical equivalent of the letters of the word Abram. And in the end, after he was circumcised, He enthroned him as ruler over 248 limbs, which is the numerical equivalent of the letters of the word Abraham.
אֵלּוּ הֵן: שְׁתֵּי עֵינַיִם, וּשְׁתֵּי אׇזְנַיִם, וְרֹאשׁ הַגְּוִיָּיה.
These are the additional limbs: Two eyes, and two ears, and the tip of the sex organ. Following his circumcision, he had total control over them, and they performed only according to his will.
וְאָמַר רָמֵי בַּר אַבָּא, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״עִיר קְטַנָּה וַאֲנָשִׁים וְגוֹ׳״. ״עִיר קְטַנָּה״ — זֶה הַגּוּף, ״וַאֲנָשִׁים בָּהּ מְעַט״ — אֵלּוּ אֵבָרִים, ״וּבָא אֵלֶיהָ מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל וְסָבַב אֹתָהּ״ — זֶה יֵצֶר הָרָע, ״וּבָנָה עָלֶיהָ מְצוֹדִים וַחֲרָמִים״ — אֵלּוּ עֲוֹנוֹת,
And Rami bar Abba said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “There was a little city and few men in it, and there came a great king against it, and besieged it, and built great bulwarks against it. Now there was found in it a man poor and wise, and he by his wisdom delivered the city; yet no man remembered that same poor man” (Ecclesiastes 9:14–15)? “A little city,” this is referring to the body; “and few men in it,” this is referring to the limbs; “and there came a great king against it and besieged it,” this is referring to the evil inclination; “and built great bulwarks against it,” these are sins.
״וּמָצָא בָהּ אִישׁ מִסְכֵּן וְחָכָם״ — זֶה יֵצֶר טוֹב, ״וּמִלַּט הוּא אֶת הָעִיר בְּחׇכְמָתוֹ״ — זוֹ תְּשׁוּבָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים. ״וְאָדָם לֹא זָכַר אֶת הָאִישׁ הַמִּסְכֵּן הַהוּא״ — דְּבִשְׁעַת יֵצֶר הָרָע לֵית דְּמִדְּכַר לֵיהּ לְיֵצֶר טוֹב.
The Gemara expounds on the next section of the verse: “Now there was found in it a man poor and wise,” this is referring to the good inclination; “and he by his wisdom delivered the city,” this is referring to repentance and good deeds that are caused by the good inclination. “Yet no man remembered that same poor man” means that when the evil inclination overcomes the good inclination no one remembers the good inclination.
״הַחׇכְמָה תָּעֹז לֶחָכָם מֵעֲשָׂרָה שַׁלִּיטִים״. ״הַחׇכְמָה תָּעֹז לֶחָכָם״ — זוֹ תְּשׁוּבָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, ״מֵעֲשָׂרָה שַׁלִּיטִים״ — שְׁתֵּי עֵינַיִם, וּשְׁתֵּי אׇזְנַיִם, וּשְׁתֵּי יָדַיִם, וּשְׁתֵּי רַגְלַיִם, וְרֹאשׁ הַגְּוִיָּיה, וּפֶה.
The Gemara interprets the following verse in a similar homiletical manner: “Wisdom is a stronghold to the wise man more than ten rulers that are in a city” (Ecclesiastes 7:19). “Wisdom is a stronghold to the wise man,” this is referring to repentance and good deeds. “More than ten rulers,” these are the two eyes, and two ears, and two hands, and two legs, and the tip of the sex organ, and the mouth, which are the limbs that are used by a person to interact with the world.
אָמַר רַבִּי זְכַרְיָה מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל: בִּיקֵּשׁ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהוֹצִיא כְּהוּנָּה מִשֵּׁם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהוּא כֹהֵן לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן״. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִקְדִּים בִּרְכַּת אַבְרָהָם לְבִרְכַּת הַמָּקוֹם — הוֹצִיאָהּ מֵאַבְרָהָם.
Rabbi Zekharya said in the name of Rabbi Yishmael: The Holy One, Blessed be He, wanted the priesthood to emerge from Shem, so that his children would be priests, as it is stated: “And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine; and he was priest of God the Most High” (Genesis 14:18). Once Melchizedek, traditionally identified as Shem, placed the blessing of Abraham before the blessing of the Omnipresent, He had the priesthood emerge from Abraham in particular, and not from any other descendant of Shem.
שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ וַיֹּאמַר בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן קֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ וּבָרוּךְ אֵל עֶלְיוֹן״. אָמַר לוֹ אַבְרָהָם: וְכִי מַקְדִּימִין בִּרְכַּת עֶבֶד לְבִרְכַּת קוֹנוֹ? מִיָּד נְתָנָהּ לְאַבְרָהָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״נְאֻם ה׳ לַאדֹנִי שֵׁב לִימִינִי עַד אָשִׁית אֹיְבֶיךָ הֲדֹם לְרַגְלֶיךָ״, וּבָתְרֵיהּ כְּתִיב: ״נִשְׁבַּע ה׳ וְלֹא יִנָּחֵם אַתָּה כֹהֵן לְעוֹלָם עַל דִּבְרָתִי מַלְכִּי צֶדֶק״. עַל דִּיבּוּרוֹ שֶׁל מַלְכִּי צֶדֶק.
As it is stated: “And he blessed him and said: Blessed be Abram of God Most High, Maker of heaven and earth, and blessed be God the Most High” (Genesis 14:19–20). Abraham said to him: And does one place the blessing of the servant before the blessing of his master? You should have blessed God first. Immediately the Holy One, Blessed be He, gave the priesthood to Abraham, as it is stated: “The Lord says to my lord: Sit at My right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool” (Psalms 110:1), and afterward it is written: “The Lord has sworn, and will not repent: you shall be a priest forever, because you are a king of righteousness [al divrati malki tzedek]” (Psalms 110:4), which is explained homiletically to mean: Due to the improper words [divrati] of Melchizedek, the offspring of Abraham shall be priests of God forever.
וְהַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב ״וְהוּא כֹהֵן לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן״: הוּא כֹּהֵן, וְאֵין זַרְעוֹ כֹּהֵן.
The Gemara comments: And this is as it is written: “And he was priest of God the Most High” (Genesis 14:18), which emphasizes that he, Melchizedek, is a priest, but his children will not be priests.
הַדְרָן עֲלָךְ אַרְבָּעָה נְדָרִים
אֵין בֵּין הַמּוּדָּר הֲנָאָה מֵחֲבֵירוֹ לַמּוּדָּר הֵימֶנּוּ מַאֲכָל אֶלָּא דְּרִיסַת הָרֶגֶל וְכֵלִים שֶׁאֵין עוֹשִׂין בָּהֶם אוֹכֶל נֶפֶשׁ.
MISHNA: The difference between one for whom benefit from another is forbidden by vow [hamuddar hana’a meḥaveiro] and one for whom benefit from his food is forbidden by vow concerns only setting foot on the other person’s property and borrowing from that person utensils that one does not use in preparation of food but for other purposes. Those two benefits are forbidden to the former but permitted to the latter.
הַמּוּדָּר מַאֲכָל מֵחֲבֵירוֹ לֹא יַשְׁאִילֶנּוּ נָפָה וּכְבָרָה וְרֵיחַיִם וְתַנּוּר, אֲבָל מַשְׁאִיל לוֹ חָלוּק וְטַבַּעַת וְטַלִּית וּנְזָמִים.
Therefore, with regard to one for whom benefit from another’s food is forbidden by vow, that person may not lend him utensils used in the preparation of food, e.g., a sieve, or a strainer, or a millstone, or an oven. However, he may lend him a garment, or a finger ring, or a cloak, or nose rings, as these are not used in the preparation of food. However, he may not lend them to one for whom benefit from him is forbidden by vow.
גְּמָ׳ מַאן תְּנָא? אָמַר רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה: רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הִיא, דְּתַנְיָא רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: אֲפִילּוּ וִיתּוּר אָסוּר בְּמוּדַּר הֲנָאָה.
GEMARA: Who is the tanna who taught this mishna? Rav Adda bar Ahava said: It is Rabbi Eliezer, as it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Eliezer said: Even overlooking [vittur] a matter for which one is typically indifferent to the actions of others, e.g., people setting foot on one’s property, is prohibited in the case of one prohibited by vow from deriving benefit from another.
הַמּוּדָּר מַאֲכָל מֵחֲבֵירוֹ לֹא יַשְׁאִילֶנּוּ וְכוּ׳.
§ We learned in the mishna: With regard to one for whom benefit from another’s food is forbidden by vow, that person may not lend him utensils used in the preparation of food.
