Sanhedrin 111
מַאי ״אָמֵן״? אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא: ״אֵל מֶלֶךְ נֶאֱמָן״.
What is the meaning of the term amen? Rabbi Ḥanina says: It is an acronym of the words: God, faithful King [El Melekh ne’eman].
״לָכֵן הִרְחִיבָה שְּׁאוֹל נַפְשָׁהּ וּפָעֲרָה פִיהָ לִבְלִי חֹק״. אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: לְמִי שֶׁמְּשַׁיֵּיר אֲפִילּוּ חוֹק אֶחָד. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: לָא נִיחָא לְמָרַיְיהוּ דְּאָמְרַתְּ לְהוּ הָכִי, אֶלָּא אֲפִילּוּ לֹא לָמַד אֶלָּא חוֹק אֶחָד.
§ With regard to the verse: “Therefore, the netherworld has enlarged itself and opened its mouth without measure [livli ḥok]” (Isaiah 5:14), Reish Lakish says: It is referring to one who leaves even one statute [ḥok] unfulfilled; the netherworld expands for him. Rabbi Yoḥanan says: It is not satisfactory to God, their Master, that you said this about them, as according to Reish Lakish’s opinion most of the Jewish people would be doomed to Gehenna. Rather, even if one learned only one statute, he has a share in the World-to-Come, and “livli ḥok” means one who has learned no statutes at all.
(שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר) ״וְהָיָה בְכׇל הָאָרֶץ נְאֻם ה׳ פִּי שְׁנַיִם בָּהּ יִכָּרְתוּ יִגְוָעוּ וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁית יִוָּתֶר בָּהּ״. אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: שְׁלִישִׁי שֶׁל שֵׁם. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: לָא נִיחָא לְמָרַיְיהוּ דְּאָמְרַתְּ לְהוּ הָכִי, אֶלָּא אֲפִילּוּ שְׁלִישִׁי שֶׁל נֹחַ.
With regard to that which is stated: “And it shall come to pass that in all the land, says the Lord, two parts shall be excised and die, but the third shall remain in it” (Zechariah 13:8), Reish Lakish says: “The third” means that only one-third of the descendants of Shem, son of Noah, will remain, and everyone else will die. Rabbi Yoḥanan said to Reish Lakish: It is not satisfactory to God, their Master, that you said this about them, that the overwhelming majority of the world will be destroyed. Rather, even as many as one-third of the descendants of Noah, one-third of the population of the world, will remain.
״כִּי אָנֹכִי בָּעַלְתִּי בָכֶם וְלָקַחְתִּי אֶתְכֶם אֶחָד מֵעִיר וּשְׁנַיִם מִמִּשְׁפָּחָה״. אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: דְּבָרִים כִּכְתָבָן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: לָא נִיחָא לֵיהּ לְמָרַיְיהוּ דְּאָמְרַתְּ לְהוּ הָכִי, אֶלָּא אֶחָד מֵעִיר מְזַכֶּה כָּל הָעִיר כּוּלָּהּ, וּשְׁנַיִם מִמִּשְׁפָּחָה מְזַכִּין כָּל הַמִּשְׁפָּחָה כּוּלָּהּ. יָתֵיב רַב כָּהֲנָא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב וְיָתֵיב וְקָאָמַר: דְּבָרִים כִּכְתָבָן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב: לָא נִיחָא לֵיהּ לְמָרַיְיהוּ דְּאָמְרַתְּ לְהוּ הָכִי, אֶלָּא אֶחָד מֵעִיר מְזַכֶּה כָּל הָעִיר, וּשְׁנַיִם מִמִּשְׁפָּחָה מְזַכִּין כָּל הַמִּשְׁפָּחָה.
With regard to the verse: “For I have taken you to Myself: And I will take out one of a city, and two of a family” (Jeremiah 3:14), Reish Lakish says: The meaning of this statement is as it is written, that only individuals will be spared and the rest will be destroyed. Rabbi Yoḥanan said to him: It is not satisfactory to God, their Master, that you said this about them. Rather, the merit of one from the city causes the entire city to benefit, and the merit of two from a family causes the entire family to benefit and be redeemed. Likewise, the Gemara relates that Rav Kahana sat before Rav, and sat and said: The meaning of this statement is as it is written. Rav said to him: It is not satisfactory to God, their Master, that you said this about them. Rather, the merit of one from the city causes the entire city to benefit, and the merit of two from a family causes the entire family to benefit and be redeemed.
חַזְיֵיהּ דַּהֲוָה קָא חָיֵיף רֵישֵׁיהּ וְסָלֵיק וְיָתֵיב קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: ״וְלֹא תִמָּצֵא בְּאֶרֶץ הַחַיִּים״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מֵילָט קָא לָיְיטַתְּ לִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: קְרָא קָאָמֵינָא, לֹא תִּמָּצֵא תּוֹרָה בְּמִי שֶׁמְּחַיֶּה עַצְמוֹ עָלֶיהָ.
The Gemara relates that Rav saw that Rav Kahana was washing the hair on his head and then arose and sat before Rav. Rav said to Rav Kahana: “Nor shall it be found in the land of the living [haḥayyim]” (Job 28:13). Rav Kahana thought that Rav addressed that verse to him and he said to Rav: Are you cursing me? Rav said to him: It is a verse that I am saying to remind you that Torah will not be found in one who sustains [meḥayye] himself in an indulgent manner in its study; rather, Torah is acquired through suffering and difficulty.
תַּנְיָא: רַב סִימַאי אוֹמֵר, נֶאֱמַר: ״וְלָקַחְתִּי אֶתְכֶם לִי לְעָם״, וְנֶאֱמַר: ״וְהֵבֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם״. מַקִּישׁ יְצִיאָתָן מִמִּצְרַיִם לְבִיאָתָן לָאָרֶץ. מָה בִּיאָתָן לָאָרֶץ – שְׁנַיִם מִשִּׁשִּׁים רִיבּוֹא, אַף יְצִיאָתָן מִמִּצְרַיִם – שְׁנַיִם מִשִּׁשִּׁים רִיבּוֹא. אָמַר רָבָא: וְכֵן לִימוֹת הַמָּשִׁיחַ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְעָנְתָה שָּׁמָּה כִּימֵי נְעוּרֶיהָ וּכְיוֹם עֲלוֹתָהּ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם״.
It is taught in a baraita with regard to the few that are destined to be redeemed: Rav Simai says that it is stated: “And I will take you to Me as a people” (Exodus 6:7), and juxtaposed to that verse it is stated: “And I will bring you into the land” (Exodus 6:8). The Torah compares their exodus from Egypt to their entry into the land; just as during their entry into the land only two of six hundred thousand entered the land, as they all died in the wilderness except for Caleb and Joshua, so too, during their exodus from Egypt, in terms of the ratio, only two of six hundred thousand left Egypt and the rest died there. Rava says: And likewise, that will be the situation in the messianic era, as it is stated: “And she shall respond there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt” (Hosea 2:17). The ultimate redemption and the exodus from Egypt are juxtaposed, indicating that in the messianic era too, only few will survive.
תַּנְיָא: אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי, פַּעַם אַחַת נִכְנַסְתִּי לַאֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִיָּא שֶׁל מִצְרַיִם. מָצָאתִי זָקֵן אֶחָד וְאָמַר לִי: בֹּא וְאַרְאֶךָּ מָה עָשׂוּ אֲבוֹתַי לַאֲבוֹתֶיךָ. מֵהֶם טִבְּעוּ בַּיָּם, מֵהֶם הָרְגוּ בַּחֶרֶב, מֵהֶם מָעֲכוּ בְּבִנְיָן. וְעַל דָּבָר זֶה נֶעֱנַשׁ מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּמֵאָז בָּאתִי אֶל פַּרְעֹה לְדַבֵּר בִּשְׁמֶךָ הֵרַע לָעָם הַזֶּה״.
§ It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Yosei, says: One time I entered Alexandria of Egypt. I found one old man and he said to me: Come and I will show you what my ancestors, the Egyptians, did to your ancestors, the Jewish people. Some of them they drowned in the sea, some of them they killed with the sword, and some of them they crushed in the buildings. And it is over this matter, Moses’ protest of the afflictions suffered by the Jewish people, that Moses, our teacher, was punished, as it is stated: “For since I came to Pharaoh to speak in Your name, he has done evil to this people, neither have You delivered Your people at all” (Exodus 5:23).
אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: חֲבָל עַל דְּאָבְדִין וְלָא מִשְׁתַּכְחִין. הֲרֵי כַּמָּה פְּעָמִים נִגְלֵיתִי עַל אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב בְּאֵל שַׁדַּי, וְלֹא הִרְהֲרוּ עַל מִדּוֹתַי, וְלֹא אָמְרוּ לִי ״מַה שְּׁמֶךָ״. אָמַרְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם ״קוּם הִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּאָרֶץ לְאׇרְכָּהּ וּלְרׇחְבָּהּ כִּי לְךָ אֶתְּנֶנָּה״. בִּקֵּשׁ מָקוֹם לִקְבּוֹר אֶת שָׂרָה וְלֹא מָצָא, עַד שֶׁקָּנָה בְּאַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שֶׁקֶל כֶּסֶף, וְלֹא הִרְהֵר עַל מִדּוֹתַי.
The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses: Woe over those who are gone and are no longer found; as several times I revealed Myself to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as God Almighty [El Shaddai] and they did not question My attributes, and did not say to Me: What is Your name? I said to Abraham: “Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in the breadth of it; for unto you I will give it” (Genesis 13:17). Ultimately, he sought a place to bury Sarah and did not find one until he purchased it for four hundred silver shekels, and he did not question My attributes and did not protest that I failed to fulfill My promise to give him the land.
אָמַרְתִּי לְיִצְחָק: ״גּוּר בָּאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת וְאֶהְיֶה עִמְּךָ וַאֲבָרְכֶךָּ״. בִּקְּשׁוּ עֲבָדָיו מַיִם לִשְׁתּוֹת וְלֹא מָצְאוּ, עַד שֶׁעָשׂוּ מְרִיבָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיָּרִיבוּ רֹעֵי גְרָר עִם רֹעֵי יִצְחָק לֵאמֹר לָנוּ הַמָּיִם״. וְלֹא הִרְהֵר אַחַר מִדּוֹתַי.
I said to Isaac: “Sojourn in this land, and I will be with you and will bless you” (Genesis 26:3). His servants sought water to drink and they did not find it until they started a quarrel, as it is stated: “And the herdsmen of Gerar quarreled with Isaac’s herdsmen saying: The water is ours” (Genesis 26:20), and he did not question My attributes.
אָמַרְתִּי לְיַעֲקֹב: ״הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה שֹׁכֵב עָלֶיהָ לְךָ אֶתְּנֶנָּה״. בִּיקֵּשׁ מָקוֹם לִנְטוֹעַ אׇהֳלוֹ, וְלֹא מָצָא, עַד שֶׁקָּנָה בְּמֵאָה קְשִׂיטָה, וְלֹא הִרְהֵר אַחַר מִדּוֹתַי, וְלֹא אָמְרוּ לִי: ״מַה שְּׁמֶךָ״, וְאַתָּה אָמְרַתְּ לִי: ״מַה שְּׁמֶךָ״ בַּתְּחִלָּה, וְעַכְשָׁיו אַתָּה אוֹמֵר לִי: ״וְהַצֵּל לֹא הִצַּלְתָּ אֶת עַמֶּךָ״. ״עַתָּה תִרְאֶה אֵת אֲשֶׁר אֶעֱשֶׂה לְפַרְעֹה״. בְּמִלְחֶמֶת פַּרְעֹה אַתָּה רוֹאֶה, וְאִי אַתָּה רוֹאֶה בְּמִלְחֶמֶת שְׁלֹשִׁים וְאֶחָד מְלָכִים.
I said to Jacob: “The land upon which you lie, to you I will give it” (Genesis 28:13). He sought a place to pitch his tent and he did not find one until he purchased it for one hundred coins, and he did not question My attributes, and did not say to Me: What is Your name? And you, Moses, ask Me: What is Your name, initially, after witnessing My greatness more than they ever did. And now you say to Me: “Neither have You delivered Your people” (Exodus 5:23). The verse then states: “Now shall you see what I will do to Pharaoh” (Exodus 6:1). One can infer: The war with Pharaoh and his downfall you shall see, but you will not see the war with the thirty-one kings in Eretz Yisrael, as you will not be privileged to conquer Eretz Yisrael for the Jewish people.
״וַיְמַהֵר מֹשֶׁה וַיִּקֹּד אַרְצָה וַיִּשְׁתָּחוּ״. מָה רָאָה מֹשֶׁה?
§ With regard to the verse: “And the Lord passed before him and proclaimed: The Lord, the Lord, compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in loving-kindness and truth, extending loving-kindness to thousands of generations…and Moses made haste and bowed his head toward the earth and prostrated himself” (Exodus 34:6–8), the Gemara asks: What did Moses see in these attributes that caused him to hastily prostrate himself?
רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן גַּמְלָא אָמַר: ״אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם״ רָאָה, וְרַבָּנַן אָמְרִי: ״אֱמֶת״ רָאָה. תַּנְיָא כְּמַאן דְּאָמַר ״אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם״ רָאָה, דְּתַנְיָא: כְּשֶׁעָלָה מֹשֶׁה לְמָרוֹם מְצָאוֹ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁיּוֹשֵׁב וְכוֹתֵב ״אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם״. אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, ״אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם״ לַצַּדִּיקִים? אָמַר לוֹ: ״אַף לָרְשָׁעִים״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: רְשָׁעִים יֹאבֵדוּ! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הַשְׁתָּא חָזֵית (מַאי) דְּמִבְּעֵי לָךְ.
Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamla says: He saw the attribute of slow to anger; and the Rabbis say: He saw the attribute of truth. It is taught in a baraita in accordance with the opinion of the one who said: He saw the attribute of slow to anger, as it is taught in a baraita: When Moses ascended on high, he discovered the Holy One, Blessed be He, sitting and writing: Slow to anger. Moses said before Him: Master of the Universe, is Your attribute of slow to anger only to be used for the righteous? God said to him: It is an attribute even for the wicked. Moses said to Him: Let the wicked be doomed. God said to him: Now, you will see that you will need this, as ultimately you will reconsider that statement.
כְּשֶׁחָטְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר לוֹ: לֹא כָּךְ אָמַרְתָּ לִי ״אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם לַצַּדִּיקִים״?
When the Jewish people sinned in the sin of the spies and Moses asked God to forgive them, the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses: Didn’t you say to Me that the attribute of slow to anger is for the righteous alone? They are not worthy of atonement.
אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, וְלֹא כָּךְ אָמַרְתָּ לִי: ״אַף לָרְשָׁעִים״? וְהַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב: ״וְעַתָּה יִגְדַּל נָא כֹּחַ ה׳ כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ לֵאמֹר״.
Moses said before Him: Master of the Universe, and isn’t this what You said to me: It is an attribute even for the wicked? And that is the meaning of that which is written: “And now, I pray You, let the power of my Lord be great, as You have spoken, saying” (Numbers 14:17). Moses was repeating God’s promise with regard to His employment of the attribute of slow to anger.
רַבִּי חַגָּא הֲוָה סָלֵיק וְאָזֵיל בְּדַרְגָּא דְּבֵי רַבָּה בַּר שֵׁילָא. שַׁמְעֵיהּ לְהָהוּא יָנוֹקָא דְּאָמַר: ״עֵדֹתֶיךָ נֶאֶמְנוּ מְאֹד לְבֵיתְךָ נַאֲוָה קֹדֶשׁ ה׳ לְאֹרֶךְ יָמִים״, וּסְמִיךְ לֵיהּ ״תְּפִלָּה לְמֹשֶׁה וְגוֹ׳״. אֲמַר: שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם רָאָה.
The Gemara relates: Rabbi Ḥagga was walking up the stairs in the school of Rabba bar Sheila. He heard a certain child who said: “Your testimonies are very sure; sanctity becomes Your house, Lord, for the length of days” (Psalms 93:5). The phrase “length of days” is a reference to the attribute of slow to anger. And juxtaposed to it is the phrase: “A prayer of Moses” (Psalms 90:1), indicating that this chapter was also stated by Moses our teacher. Upon hearing those verses, Rabbi Ḥagga said: Conclude from it that it was the attribute of slow to anger that Moses saw.
אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא: עָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִהְיוֹת עֲטָרָה בְּרֹאשׁ כׇּל צַדִּיק וְצַדִּיק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִהְיֶה ה׳ צְבָאוֹת לַעֲטֶרֶת צְבִי וְלִצְפִירַת תִּפְאָרָה לִשְׁאָר עַמּוֹ וְגוֹ׳״. מַאי ״לַעֲטֶרֶת צְבִי וְלִצְפִירַת תִּפְאָרָה״? לָעוֹשִׂים רְצוֹנוֹ וּמְצַפִּים לִישׁוּעָתוֹ. יָכוֹל לַכֹּל? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״לִשְׁאָר עַמּוֹ״ – לְמִי שֶׁמֵּשִׂים עַצְמוֹ כְּשִׁירַיִם.
§ Rabbi Elazar says that Rabbi Ḥanina says: The Holy One, Blessed be He, is destined to be a crown on the head of each and every righteous person, as it is stated: “In that day shall the Lord of hosts be for a crown of glory, and for a diadem of beauty, unto the remnant of His people” (Isaiah 28:5). What is the meaning of the phrase: “For a crown of glory, and for a diadem of beauty”? It means: A crown for those who perform His will and a diadem for those who await His salvation. One might have thought that this extends to everyone in those categories. Therefore, the verse states: “Unto the remnant of His people,” meaning that God will be a crown and a diadem to one who humbly establishes himself like a remnant, and does not conduct himself with self-importance.
״וּלְרוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט לַיּוֹשֵׁב עַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט וְלִגְבוּרָה מְשִׁיבֵי מִלְחָמָה שָׁעְרָה״. ״וּלְרוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט״ – זֶה הָרוֹדֶה אֶת יִצְרוֹ, ״וְלַיּוֹשֵׁב עַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט״ – זֶה הַדָּן דִּין אֱמֶת לַאֲמִיתּוֹ, ״וְלִגְבוּרָה״ – זֶה הַמִּתְגַּבֵּר בְּיִצְרוֹ, ״מְשִׁיבֵי מִלְחָמָה״ – זֶה שֶׁנּוֹשֵׂא וְנוֹתֵן בְּמִלְחַמְתָּהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, ״שָׁעְרָה״ – אֵלּוּ שֶׁמַּשְׁכִּימִין וּמַעֲרִיבִין בְּבָתֵּי כְנֵסִיּוֹת וּבָתֵּי מִדְרָשׁוֹת.
The Gemara interprets a verse in Isaiah. “And for a spirit of justice to him that sits in judgment and for strength to them who retaliate in battle to the gate” (Isaiah 28:6). “And for a spirit of justice”; this is referring to one who subdues his evil inclination and prevents himself from sinning. “To him that sits in judgment”; this is referring to one who judges a true judgment truthfully. “And for strength”; this is referring to one who overcomes his evil inclination. “Them who retaliate in battle”; this is referring to one who gives and takes and engages in the battle, i.e., in the discourse of Torah. “To the gate” is referring to those Torah scholars who arrive early and remain late within the gates of synagogues and study halls.
אָמְרָה מִדַּת הַדִּין לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, מָה נִשְׁתַּנּוּ אֵלּוּ מֵאֵלּוּ? אָמַר לָהּ: ״וְגַם אֵלֶּה בַּיַּיִן שָׁגוּ וּבַשֵּׁכָר תָּעוּ [וְגוֹ׳] פָּקוּ פְּלִילִיָּה״. וְאֵין פּוּקָה אֶלָּא גֵּיהִנָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לֹא תִהְיֶה זֹאת לְךָ לְפוּקָה״. וְאֵין פְּלִילָה אֶלָּא דַּיָּינִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְנָתַן בִּפְלִלִים״.
The attribute of justice said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, how do these people, who possess these qualities, differ from those who engage in Torah study but lack these qualities? God said to the attribute of justice that those others do not receive the crown and diadem because: “These also reel through wine, and stagger through strong drink…they stumble [paku] in judgment [peliliyya]” (Isaiah 28:7). And puka in this context is referring to nothing other than Gehenna, as it is stated: “That this shall not be a cause of stumbling [puka] for you” (I Samuel 25:31). And the term of pelila in the verse in Isaiah is referring to nothing other than judges, as it is stated: “And he shall pay as the judges [biflilim] determine” (Exodus 21:22). Those who lack the qualities listed in the previous verses are not worthy of the aforementioned reward.
מַתְנִי׳ אַנְשֵׁי עִיר הַנִּדַּחַת אֵין לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יָצְאוּ אֲנָשִׁים בְּנֵי בְלִיַּעַל מִקִּרְבֶּךָ וַיַּדִּיחוּ אֶת יֹשְׁבֵי עִירָם לֵאמֹר״. וְאֵינָן נֶהֱרָגִים עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מַדִּיחֶיהָ מֵאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר וּמֵאוֹתוֹ הַשֵּׁבֶט, וְעַד שֶׁיּוּדַח רוּבָּהּ, וְעַד שֶׁיַּדִּיחוּהָ אֲנָשִׁים. הִדִּיחוּהָ נָשִׁים וּקְטַנִּים, אוֹ שֶׁהוּדַּח מִיעוּטָהּ, אוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ מַדִּיחֶיהָ חוּצָה לָהּ – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּיחִידִים, וּצְרִיכִין שְׁנֵי עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה לְכׇל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד.
MISHNA: The residents of an idolatrous city have no share in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “Certain men, wicked persons, are gone out from your midst, and have subverted the inhabitants of their city, saying: Let us go and let us worship other gods” (Deuteronomy 13:14). And idol worshippers are not executed as residents of an idolatrous city unless its subverters are from that city and from that tribe, and unless most of the inhabitants of the city are subverted, and unless men subvert the inhabitants of the city. If it occurs that women or children subvert the inhabitants of the city, or that a minority of the inhabitants of the city were subverted, or that its subverters were from outside the city and were neither residents of that city nor members of that tribe, these idol worshippers are judged as individuals. And to judge the inhabitants of a city one requires two witnesses and forewarning for each and every one who engaged in idol worship.
זֶה חוֹמֶר בַּיְחִידִים מִבַּמְרוּבִּים, שֶׁהַיְּחִידִים בִּסְקִילָה; לְפִיכָךְ מָמוֹנָם פָּלֵט, וְהַמְרוּבִּין בְּסַיִיף; לְפִיכָךְ מָמוֹנָם אָבֵד.
This is a stringency with regard to individuals who worship idols that is more stringent than the halakha with regard to multitudes who worship idols: As the individuals who worship idols are executed by stoning; therefore, since there is a stringency with regard to their mode of execution, their property is spared and is inherited by their heirs. And the multitudes are executed by the sword; therefore, since there is a leniency with regard to their mode of execution, their property is eliminated.
״הַכֵּה תַכֶּה אֶת יֹשְׁבֵי הָעִיר הַזֹּאת לְפִי חֶרֶב״. הַחַמֶּרֶת וְהַגַּמֶּלֶת הָעוֹבֶרֶת מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מַצִּילִין אוֹתָהּ.
From the verse: “You shall smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword” (Deuteronomy 13:16), it is derived that the caravan of donkeys and the caravan of camels that move from place to place, these donkey or camel drivers save the city. If they were residing in the city for a period, they could join the minority of permanent residents who were not subverted to idol worship in order to create a majority and prevent the destruction of the city and its contents.
שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״הַחֲרֵם אֹתָהּ וְאֶת כׇּל אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ וְאֶת בְּהֶמְתָּהּ לְפִי חָרֶב״, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ: נִכְסֵי צַדִּיקִים שֶׁבְּתוֹכָהּ – אוֹבְדִין, שֶׁבְּחוּצָה לָהּ – פְּלֵיטִין. וְשֶׁל רְשָׁעִים, בֵּין שֶׁבְּתוֹכָהּ בֵּין שֶׁבְּחוּצָה לָהּ – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ אוֹבְדִין.
It is stated: “Destroy it utterly, and all that is in it and its animals, with the edge of the sword” (Deuteronomy 13:16). From here, the Sages stated: The property of the righteous, who did not engage in idol worship, that is inside the city is destroyed with the rest of the city and its contents; but the property of the righteous that is outside the city is spared. And the property of the wicked, whether it is inside the city or whether it is outside the city, these items are destroyed.
שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר, ״וְאֶת כׇּל שְׁלָלָהּ תִּקְבֹּץ אֶל תּוֹךְ רְחֹבָהּ וְגוֹ׳״, אִם אֵין לָהּ רְחוֹב, עוֹשִׂין לָהּ רְחוֹב. הָיְתָה רְחֹבָהּ חוּצָה לָהּ, כּוֹנְסִין אוֹתָהּ לְתוֹכָהּ.
It is stated: “And you shall gather all of its spoils into the midst of its square” (Deuteronomy 13:17). If the city has no square, one creates a square for the city in order to fulfill the mitzva as it is written. If there was a square outside of the city, they bring it inside the city by expanding the city wall to include the square.
שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וְשָׂרַפְתָּ בָאֵשׁ אֶת הָעִיר וְאֶת כׇּל שְׁלָלָהּ כָּלִיל לַה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ״, שְׁלָלָהּ, וְלֹא שְׁלַל שָׁמַיִם. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ: הַהֶקְדֵּשׁוֹת שֶׁבָּהּ יִפָּדוּ, וּתְרוּמוֹת יֵרָקְבוּ, מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי וְכִתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ יִגָּנְזוּ.
It is stated in the continuation of the verse: “And you shall burn it with fire, both the city and all its spoils, entirely for the Lord your God.” The mishna infers: “Its spoils,” but not the spoils of Heaven. From here the Sages stated: The consecrated property in it, which was no longer the property of its inhabitants, must be redeemed, and terumot are neither eaten nor burned; rather they must be left to decay. And second tithe and sacred scrolls that were in the city must be interred.
״כָּלִיל לַה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ״, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן: אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אִם אַתֶּם עוֹשִׂין דִּין בְּעִיר הַנִּדַּחַת, מַעֲלֶה אֲנִי עֲלֵיכֶם כְּאִילּוּ אַתֶּם מַעֲלִים עוֹלָה כָּלִיל לְפָנַי.
With regard to the phrase: “Entirely [kalil] for the Lord your God,” Rabbi Shimon says: The Holy One, Blessed be He, says: If you implement judgment on an idolatrous city, I ascribe you credit as though you have sacrificed an entirely [kalil] burnt offering before Me.
״וְהָיְתָה תֵּל עוֹלָם״ – לֹא תֵּעָשֶׂה גַּנּוֹת וּפַרְדֵּסִים, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא תִּבָּנֶה עוֹד״ – לִכְמוֹת שֶׁהָיְתָה אֵינָהּ נִבְנֵית, אֲבָל נַעֲשֵׂית הִיא גַּנּוֹת וּפַרְדֵּסִים. ״וְלֹא יִדְבַּק בְּיָדְךָ מְאוּמָה מִן הַחֵרֶם״ – שֶׁכׇּל זְמַן שֶׁהָרְשָׁעִים בָּעוֹלָם, חֲרוֹן אַף בָּעוֹלָם; אָבְדוּ רְשָׁעִים מִן הָעוֹלָם, נִסְתַּלֵּק חֲרוֹן אַף מִן הָעוֹלָם.
It is written: “And it shall be a heap forever” (Deuteronomy 13:17), meaning: The idolatrous city shall not be converted even into gardens and orchards; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili. Rabbi Akiva says: From the end of that verse: “It shall not be built again,” it is derived: To restore it to the way it was before destruction, it may not be built; but it may be converted into gardens and orchards. The next verse states: “And there shall cleave nothing of that which was devoted to your hand” (Deuteronomy 13:18). This teaches that as long as the wicked exist in the world, there is wrath in the world; once the wicked are eliminated from the world, wrath leaves the world.
גְּמָ׳ תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״יָצְאוּ״ – הֵן, וְלֹא שְׁלוּחִין. ״אֲנָשִׁים״ – אֵין אֲנָשִׁים פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁנַיִם. דָּבָר אַחֵר: ״אֲנָשִׁים״ – וְלֹא נָשִׁים, ״אֲנָשִׁים״ – וְלֹא קְטַנִּים.
GEMARA: The Sages taught an interpretation of the verse: “Certain men, wicked persons, are gone out from your midst, and have subverted the inhabitants of their city saying: Let us go and let us worship other gods that you have not known” (Deuteronomy 13:14). From the term “are gone out” it is derived that these halakhot apply only if they, the subverters themselves, subverted the residents, but not agents whom they designated to subvert. From the term “men” it is derived that men in the plural means no less than two. Alternatively, it is derived: Men, but not women; men, but not children.
״בְּנֵי בְּלִיַּעַל״ – בָּנִים שֶׁפָּרְקוּ עוֹל שָׁמַיִם מִצַּוְּארֵיהֶם. ״מִקִּרְבֶּךָ״ – וְלֹא מִן הַסְּפָר. ״יֹשְׁבֵי עִירָם״ – וְלֹא יוֹשְׁבֵי עִיר אַחֶרֶת. ״לֵאמֹר״ – שֶׁצְּרִיכִין עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה לְכׇל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד.
The phrase “wicked persons [benei veliyya’al]” is an abbreviation of banim beli ol, meaning: Sons who have cast off the yoke of Heaven from their necks. From the term “from your midst” it is derived that these halakhot apply only to a city located in the center of the country, but not to a city located on the border. From the phrase “inhabitants of their city” it is inferred: But not inhabitants of another city. The term “saying” alludes to the halakha that in order to convict them one requires witnesses and forewarning for each and every one who worshipped idols.
אִיתְּמַר, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: חוֹלְקִין עִיר אַחַת לִשְׁנֵי שְׁבָטִים; וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר: אֵין חוֹלְקִין עִיר אַחַת לִשְׁנֵי שְׁבָטִים. אֵיתִיבֵיהּ רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: עַד שֶׁיְּהוּ מַדִּיחֶיהָ מֵאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר וּמֵאוֹתוֹ שֵׁבֶט – מַאי לָאו, אַף עַל גַּב דְּמַדִּיחֶיהָ מֵאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר, אִי אִיכָּא מֵאוֹתוֹ שֵׁבֶט – אִין, אִי לָא – לָא? שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ: חוֹלְקִין עִיר אַחַת לִשְׁנֵי שְׁבָטִים!
It was stated that there is an amoraic dispute. Rabbi Yoḥanan says: One divides one city into the tribal territory of two tribes; and Reish Lakish says: One does not divide one city into the tribal territory of two tribes. Rabbi Yoḥanan raised an objection to the opinion of Reish Lakish from the mishna, which states: Unless its subverters are from that city and from that tribe; what, is it not that although its subverters are from that city, if they are from that tribe, yes, they render the city an idolatrous city, and if not, no, they do not render the city an idolatrous city? Conclude from it: One divides one city into the tribal territory of two tribes, as otherwise, by definition, a resident of that city is a member of that tribe.
לָא, דִּנְפַלָה לֵיהּ בִּירוּשָׁה. אִי נָמֵי, דְּיַהֲבוּהָ נִיהֲלֵיהּ בְּמַתָּנָה.
The Gemara rejects that proof: No, even if a city is not divided between two tribes, the scenario in the mishna is possible in a case where the property in the city fell to him as an inheritance from the family of his mother, who was from a different tribe. Alternatively, it is possible in a case where they gave him that property as a gift.
אֵיתִיבֵיהּ: ״עָרִים תֵּשַׁע מֵאֵת שְׁנֵי הַשְּׁבָטִים הָאֵלֶּה״. מַאי לָאו: אַרְבַּע וּפַלְגָא מֵהַאי, וְאַרְבַּע וּפַלְגָא מֵהַאי? וּשְׁמַע מִינַּהּ: חוֹלְקִין עִיר אַחַת לִשְׁנֵי שְׁבָטִים! לָא, אַרְבַּע מֵהַאי וְחָמֵשׁ מֵהַאי.
Rabbi Yoḥanan raised an objection to the opinion of Reish Lakish from a verse written with regard to the cities designated for the Levites: “Nine cities from those two tribes” (Joshua 21:16). What, is it not that those nine cities were equally divided; four-and-a-half from this tribe, and four-and-a-half from that tribe, and conclude from it that one divides one city into the tribal territory of two tribes? The Gemara rejects that proof: No, those nine cities were divided in this manner: Four cities from this tribe and five cities from that tribe.
אִי הָכִי, לִפְרוֹשׁ פָּרוֹשֵׁי!
The Gemara asks: If so, let the verse state explicitly from which tribe the additional city was taken.
