Sanhedrin 96
וְשַׁנִּי נַפְשָׁךְ. בְּמַאי אֵישַׁנֵּי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: זִיל אַיְיתִי לִי מַסְפְּרָא וְאֶיגְזְיָיךְ אֲנָא. מֵהֵיכָא אַיְיתֵי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: עוּל לְהָהוּא בֵּיתָא וְאַיְיתֵי. אֲזַל, אַשְׁכְּחִינְהוּ לְמַלְאֲכֵי שָׁרֵת וְאִידְּמוֹ לֵיהּ כְּגַבְרֵי, וַהֲווֹ קָא טָחֲנִי קַשְׁיָיתָא.
and change your appearance so that they will not recognize you. Sennacherib asked him: With what shall I change it? God said to him: Go bring me scissors and I will shear you Myself. Sennacherib asked: From where should I bring the scissors? The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to him: Go to that house and bring them. He went and found ministering angels, who came and appeared to Sennacherib as men; and the angels were grinding date pits.
אֲמַר לְהוּ: הַבוּ לִי מַסְפְּרָא. אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: טְחוֹן חַד גְּרִיוָא דְּקַשְׁיָיתָא וְנִיתֵּן לָךְ. טְחַן חַד גְּרִיוָא דְּקַשְׁיָיתָא וִיהַבוּ לֵיהּ מַסְפַּרְתָּא. עַד דַּאֲתָא, אִיחֲשַׁךְ. אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: זִיל אַיְיתִי נוּרָא. אֲזַל וְאַיְיתִי נוּרָא. בַּהֲדֵי דְּקָא נָפַח לֵיהּ, אִתְּלִי בֵּיהּ נוּרָא בְּדִיקְנֵיהּ. אֲזַל גַּזְיֵיהּ לְרֵישֵׁיהּ וְדִיקְנֵיהּ. (אֲמַרוּ): הַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב ״וְגַם אֶת הַזָּקָן תִּסְפֶּה״. אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא, הַיְינוּ דְּאָמְרִי אִינָשֵׁי: ״גָּרֵירְתֵּיהּ לְאַרְמָאָה שְׁפַר לֵיהּ, אַיתְלֵי לֵיהּ נוּרָא בְּדִיקְנֵיהּ וְלָא שָׂבְעַתְּ חוּכָא מִינֵּיהּ״.
Sennacherib said to them: Give me scissors. The ministering angels said to him: Grind a se’a of pits and we will give it to you. He ground a se’a of pits and they gave him scissors. By the time he came back with the scissors it grew dark. The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Sennacherib: Go and bring fire to provide light. Sennacherib went and brought fire. While he was fanning it, the fire ignited his beard and it spread and sheared his head and his beard. The Sages said: This is the meaning of that which is written: “And it shall also destroy the beard” (Isaiah 7:20). Rav Pappa says that this is in accordance with the adage that people say: If you scorch a gentile and it is pleasant for him, ignite a fire in his beard and you will never tire of ridiculing him. It means that if one does not protest when others ridicule him, they will escalate the ridicule. The adage is based upon this incident involving Sennacherib.
אֲזַל, אַשְׁכַּח דַּפָּא מִתֵּיבוּתָא דְּנֹחַ. אָמַר: הַיְינוּ אֱלָהָא רַבָּא דְּשֵׁיזְבֵיהּ לְנֹחַ מִטּוֹפָנָא. אֲמַר: אִי אָזֵיל הָהוּא גַּבְרָא וּמַצְלַח, מְקָרֵב לְהוּ לִתְרֵין בְּנוֹהִי קַמָּךְ. שְׁמַעוּ בְּנוֹהִי וְקַטְלוּהּ. הַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיְהִי הוּא מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה בֵּית נִסְרֹךְ אֱלֹהָיו וְאַדְרַמֶּלֶךְ וְשַׂרְאֶצֶר בָּנָיו הִכֻּהוּ בַחֶרֶב וְגוֹ׳״.
Sennacherib went and found a beam from Noah’s ark, from which he fashioned a god. He said: This beam is the great god who delivered Noah from the flood. He said: If that man, referring to himself, goes and succeeds, he will sacrifice his two sons before you. His sons heard his commitment and killed him. This is the meaning of that which is written: “And it came to pass as he was worshipping in the house of Nisroch his god that Adrammelech and Sarezer, his sons, smote him with the sword, and they fled to Ararat” (II Kings 19:37), where Noah’s ark had come to rest. The Gemara explains that this interpretation is based upon the etymological similarity between neser, the Hebrew term for beam, and Nisroch, the god that Sennacherib fashioned from a beam.
״וַיֵּחָלֵק עֲלֵיהֶם לַיְלָה הוּא וַעֲבָדָיו וַיַּכֵּם וְגוֹ׳״. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אוֹתוֹ מַלְאָךְ שֶׁנִּזְדַּמֵּן לוֹ לְאַבְרָהָם, ״לַיְלָה״ שְׁמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהַלַּיְלָה אָמַר הֹרָה גָבֶר״. וְרַבִּי יִצְחָק נַפָּחָא אָמַר: שֶׁעָשָׂה עִמּוֹ מַעֲשֵׂה לַיְלָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מִן שָׁמַיִם נִלְחָמוּ הַכּוֹכָבִים מִמְּסִלּוֹתָם נִלְחֲמוּ עִם סִיסְרָא״. אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: טָבָא דְּנַפָּחָא מִדְּבַר נַפָּחָא.
§ Apropos the war between the kings and Abraham mentioned above, the Gemara explains a verse: “And he pursued as far as Dan. And he divided himself against them by night [laila], he and his servants, and smote them” (Genesis 14:14–15). The term “by night” [laila] appears out of place in this verse. Rabbi Yoḥanan says: That angel that happened to come and assist Abraham in that war, Laila is his name, as it is stated: “And Laila said: A man-child is brought forth” (Job 3:3), indicating that there is an angel named Laila. And Rabbi Yitzḥak Nappaḥa says: God performed for him an act of night, i.e., the stars in heaven waged war on his behalf, as it is stated: “They fought from heaven; the stars in their courses fought against Sisera” (Judges 5:20). Reish Lakish said: The statement of Rabbi Yitzḥak Nappaḥa, the smith, is preferable to the statement of the son of the smith, Rabbi Yoḥanan.
״וַיִּרְדֹּף עַד דָּן״. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּא אוֹתוֹ צַדִּיק עַד דָּן, תָּשַׁשׁ כֹּחוֹ. רָאָה בְּנֵי בָּנָיו שֶׁעֲתִידִין לַעֲבוֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה בְּדָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיָּשֶׂם אֶת הָאֶחָד בְּבֵית אֵל וְאֶת הָאֶחָד נָתַן בְּדָן״. וְאַף אוֹתוֹ רָשָׁע לֹא נִתְגַּבֵּר עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְדָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מִדָּן נִשְׁמַע נַחְרַת סוּסָיו״.
With regard to the previous verse: “And he pursued as far as Dan” (Genesis 14:14), Rabbi Yoḥanan says: Once that righteous person, Abraham, came to Dan, his strength weakened. He saw through the Divine Spirit that his descendants were destined to worship idols in Dan, as it is stated: “And he fashioned two calves of gold…and he set one in Bethel, and the other one he placed in Dan” (I Kings 12:28–29). And even that wicked person, Nebuchadnezzar, did not prevail until he reached Dan, as it is stated: “From Dan the snorting of his horses is heard” (Jeremiah 8:16).
אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא: ״אַף עַל גַּב דְּשָׁלַח רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן בְּתֵירָא מִנְּצִיבִין: הִזָּהֲרוּ בְּזָקֵן שֶׁשָּׁכַח תַּלְמוּדוֹ מֵחֲמַת אוֹנְסוֹ, וְהִזָּהֲרוּ בַּוְּורִידִין כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, וְהִזָּהֲרוּ בִּבְנֵי עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ שֶׁמֵּהֶן תֵּצֵא תּוֹרָה – כִּי הָא מִילְּתָא מוֹדְעִינַן לְהוּ.
Rabbi Zeira says: Even though Rabbi Yehuda ben Beteira sent a statement from Netzivin: Be vigilant with regard to treating with deference an elder who forgot his studies due to circumstances beyond his control, and be vigilant with regard to cutting the jugular veins when slaughtering an animal in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and be vigilant with regard to treating with respect the children of ignoramuses, as from some of them Torah will emerge, we inform them of a message like this matter.
״צַדִּיק אַתָּה ה׳ כִּי אָרִיב אֵלֶיךָ אַךְ מִשְׁפָּטִים אֲדַבֵּר אוֹתָךְ מַדּוּעַ דֶּרֶךְ רְשָׁעִים צָלֵחָה שָׁלוּ כׇּל בֹּגְדֵי בָגֶד. נְטַעְתָּם גַּם שֹׁרָשׁוּ יֵלְכוּ גַּם עָשׂוּ פֶרִי״. מַאי אַהְדַּרוּ לֵיהּ? ״כִּי אֶת רַגְלִים רַצְתָּה וַיַּלְאוּךָ וְאֵיךְ תְּתַחֲרֶה אֶת הַסּוּסִים וּבְאֶרֶץ שָׁלוֹם אַתָּה בוֹטֵחַ וְאֵיךְ תַּעֲשֶׂה בִּגְאוֹן הַיַּרְדֵּן״.
The verse states: “Right would you be, Lord, were I to contend with You; yet will I reason with You: Why does the path of the wicked prosper; why are all who deal treacherously secure? You have planted them, they have also taken root; they grow, they also bring forth fruit” (Jeremiah 12:1–2). What did they respond to Jeremiah from heaven? “If you have run with the pedestrians, and they have wearied you, how can you contend with horses? And though in a land of peace you feel secure, how will you do in the wild country of the Jordan?” (Jeremiah 12:5).
מָשָׁל לְאָדָם אֶחָד שֶׁאָמַר: יָכוֹל אֲנִי לָרוּץ שָׁלֹשׁ פַּרְסָאוֹת לִפְנֵי הַסּוּסִים בֵּין בִּצְעֵי הַמַּיִם. נִזְדַּמֵּן לוֹ רַגְלִי אֶחָד, רָץ לְפָנָיו שְׁלֹשָׁה מִילִין בַּיַּבָּשָׁה וְנִלְאָה. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: וּמָה לִפְנֵי רַגְלִי כָּךְ, לִפְנֵי הַסּוּסִים – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. וּמָה שְׁלֹשֶׁת מִילִין כָּךְ, שָׁלֹשׁ פַּרְסָאוֹת – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. וּמָה בַּיַּבָּשָׁה כָּךְ, בֵּין בִּצְעֵי הַמַּיִם – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה.
The Gemara interprets the verse according to its straightforward meaning. This is a parable of a person who said: I can run three parasangs before the horses in the swamplands. He encountered a pedestrian and ran before him for three mil on dry land and wearied. The people said to him: And if running before a pedestrian you grew so weary, then if you were to run before horses, all the more so would you become weary. And if after running three mil you grew so weary, then if you were to run three parasangs, four times that distance, all the more so would you become weary. And if after running on dry land you grew so weary, then if you were to run in the swamplands, all the more so would you become weary.
אַף אַתָּה: וּמָה בִּשְׂכַר אַרְבַּע פְּסִיעוֹת שֶׁשִּׁלַּמְתִּי לְאוֹתוֹ רָשָׁע, שֶׁרָץ אַחַר כְּבוֹדִי, אַתָּה תָּמֵיהַּ? כְּשֶׁאֲנִי מְשַׁלֵּם שָׂכָר לְאַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב שֶׁרָצוּ לְפָנַי כְּסוּסִים – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה! הַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב: ״לַנְּבִאִים נִשְׁבַּר לִבִּי בְקִרְבִּי רָחֲפוּ כׇּל עַצְמֹתַי הָיִיתִי כְּאִישׁ שִׁכּוֹר וּכְגֶבֶר עֲבָרוֹ יָיִן מִפְּנֵי ה׳ וּמִפְּנֵי דִּבְרֵי קׇדְשׁוֹ״.
The Gemara explains: So too, you, Jeremiah: And if with regard to the reward for four paces that I compensated that wicked person, Nebuchadnezzar, who ran in My honor, you are astonished at its magnitude, when I compensate Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who ran before Me like horses throughout their lives, all the more so will their reward be great. This teaches the potency of even a minor mitzva. That is the meaning of that which is written: “Concerning the prophets. My heart within me is broken; all my bones shake; I am like a drunken man and like a man whom wine has overcome, due to the Lord and due to His sacred words” (Jeremiah 23:9).
הָנֵי אַרְבַּע פְּסִיעוֹת מַאי הִיא? דִּכְתִיב: ״בָּעֵת הַהִיא שָׁלַח מְרֹדַךְ בַּלְאֲדָן בֶּן בַּלְאֲדָן מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל סְפָרִים וְגוֹ׳״. מִשּׁוּם ״כִּי חָלָה חִזְקִיָּהוּ וַיֶּחֱזָק״ שַׁדַּר לֵיהּ סְפָרִים וּמִנְחָה? אִין, לִדְרֹשׁ ״(אֶת) הַמּוֹפֵת אֲשֶׁר הָיָה בָאָרֶץ״. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם שֶׁמֵּת בּוֹ אָחָז שְׁתֵּי שָׁעוֹת הָיָה.
The Gemara asks: With regard to these four paces of Nebuchadnezzar, what is the incident to which the Gemara alludes? The Gemara answers that the incident is as it is written: “At that time Merodach-Baladan, son of Baladan, king of Babylonia, sent a letter and a gift to Hezekiah, as he had heard that he had been ill and was recovered” (Isaiah 39:1). The Gemara asks: Due to the fact that Hezekiah had been ill and was recovered, he sent him a letter and a gift? The Gemara answers: Yes, and he did so in order “to inquire of the wonder that was in the land” (II Chronicles 32:31). As Rabbi Yoḥanan says: On that day that Hezekiah’s father, Ahaz, died, daylight lasted two hours, ten hours shorter than the standard day, so that the wicked Ahaz would be buried hurriedly, without the pomp typically accorded kings.
וְכִי חָלָה חִזְקִיָּהוּ וְאִיתְּפַח, אַהְדְּרִינְהוּ קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא לְהָנָךְ עֲשַׂר שָׁעֵי נִיהֲלֵיהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״הִנְנִי מֵשִׁיב אֶת צֵל הַמַּעֲלוֹת אֲשֶׁר יָרְדָה בְמַעֲלוֹת אָחָז בַּשֶּׁמֶשׁ אֲחֹרַנִּית עֶשֶׂר מַעֲלוֹת וַתָּשׇׁב הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ עֶשֶׂר מַעֲלוֹת בַּמַּעֲלוֹת אֲשֶׁר יָרָדָה״. אֲמַר לְהוּ: מַאי הַאי? אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: חִזְקִיָּהוּ חֲלַשׁ וְאִיתְּפַח. אֲמַר: אִיכָּא גַּבְרָא כִּי הַאי וְלָא בָּעֵינָא לְשַׁדּוֹרֵי לֵיהּ שְׁלָמָא? כְּתַבוּ לֵיהּ: ״שְׁלָמָא לְמַלְכָּא חִזְקִיָּה, שְׁלָם לְקַרְתָּא דִּירוּשְׁלֶם, שְׁלָם לֶאֱלָהָא רַבָּא״.
And when Hezekiah fell ill and recovered, the Holy One, Blessed be He, restored those ten hours to Hezekiah, as it is written: “Behold, I will return the shadow of the dial, which descended on the sundial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which it had gone down” (Isaiah 38:8). Merodach said to his servants: What is this wonder that the day was extended? They said to him: Hezekiah fell ill and recovered, and the sun shone for him. Merodach said: There is a man like that and I do not need to send him greetings? The ministers of Merodach wrote to Hezekiah: Greetings to King Hezekiah, greetings to the city of Jerusalem, and greetings to the great God.
נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר סָפְרֵיהּ דְּבַלְאֲדָן הֲוָה. הָהִיא שַׁעְתָּא לָא הֲוָה הָתָם. כִּי אֲתָא, אֲמַר לְהוּ: הֵיכִי כָּתְבִיתוּ? אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: הָכִי כָּתְבִינַן. אֲמַר לְהוּ: קְרֵיתוּ לֵיהּ ״אֱלָהָא רַבָּא״ וְכָתְבִיתוּ לֵיהּ לְבַסּוֹף? אָמַר: אֶלָּא הָכִי כְּתוּבוּ: ״שְׁלָם לֶאֱלָהָא רַבָּא, שְׁלָם לְקַרְתָּא דִּירוּשְׁלֶם, שְׁלָם לְמַלְכָּא חִזְקִיָּה״. אָמְרִי לֵיהּ: קַרְיָינָא דְּאִיגַּרְתָּא אִיהוּ לֶיהֱוֵי פַּרְוַונְקָא.
Nebuchadnezzar was the scribe of Baladan, and at that time he was not there. When he came there he said to the other scribes: How did you write the king’s message? They said to him: We wrote this: Greetings to King Hezekiah, greetings to the city of Jerusalem, and greetings to the great God, as we were commanded. Nebuchadnezzar said to the scribes: You called him: The great God, and you wrote Him at the end of the list of greetings? He said: Rather, write this: Greetings to the great God, greetings to the city of Jerusalem, and greetings to King Hezekiah. The scribes said to Nebuchadnezzar: The one who reads the letter, let him be the messenger. You gave the advice; you correct the text.
רְהַט בָּתְרֵיהּ, כִּדְרָהֵיט אַרְבַּע פְּסִיעוֹת, אֲתָא גַּבְרִיאֵל וְאוֹקְמֵיהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אִילְמָלֵא לֹא בָּא גַּבְרִיאֵל וְהֶעֱמִידוֹ, לֹא הָיָה תַּקָּנָה לְשׂוֹנְאֵיהֶם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל.
Nebuchadnezzar pursued the messenger to take the letter from him and revise it. When he ran four paces, the angel Gabriel came and stopped his pursuit. Rabbi Yoḥanan says: If Gabriel had not come and stopped his pursuit there would have been no remedy for the enemies of the Jewish people, a euphemism for the Jewish people. Had Nebuchadnezzar succeeded in revising the letter, his reward would have been so great that he would have been able to destroy the Jewish people, as he desired.
מַאי ״בַּלְאֲדָן בֶּן בַּלְאֲדָן״? אָמְרִי: בַּלְאֲדָן מַלְכָּא הֲוָה, וְאִישְׁתַּנִּי אַפֵּיהּ וַהֲוָה כִּי דְּכַלְבָּא. הֲוָה יָתֵיב בְּרֵיהּ עַל מַלְכוּתָא. כִּי הֲוָה כָּתֵיב, הֲוָה כָּתֵיב שְׁמֵיהּ וּשְׁמֵיהּ דַּאֲבוּהּ ״בַּלְאֲדָן מַלְכָּא״. הַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב: ״בֵּן יְכַבֵּד אָב וְעֶבֶד אֲדֹנָיו״.
The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of: Merodach-Baladan, son of Baladan? If his name was Merodach it was not Baladan. The Sages say: Baladan was a king, and his visage was transformed and became like that of a dog. His son was sitting on the throne in his stead and when he would write a letter he would write his name and the name of his father, King Baladan. That is the meaning of that which is written with regard to the honor accorded by gentiles to their fathers: “A son honors his father and a servant his master” (Malachi 1:6).
״בֵּן יְכַבֵּד אָב״ – הָא דַּאֲמַרַן, ״וְעֶבֶד אֲדֹנָיו״ – דִּכְתִיב: ״וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁי בֶּעָשׂוֹר לַחֹדֶשׁ הִיא שְׁנַת תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בָּא נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב טַבָּחִים עָמַד לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֶת בֵּית ה׳ וְאֶת בֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ״.
The Gemara elaborates: “A son honors his father” is referring to that which we stated with regard to Baladan. “And a servant his master” is referring to a verse, as it is written: “And in the fifth month, on the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylonia, came Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, who stood before the king of Babylonia, into Jerusalem. And he burned the House of the Lord, and the house of the king” (Jeremiah 52:12–13).
וּמִי סְלֵיק נְבוּכַד נֶצַּר לִירוּשָׁלַיִם? וְהָכְתִיב: ״וַיַּעֲלוּ אֹתוֹ אֶל מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל רִבְלָתָה״, וְאָמַר רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ: זוֹ אַנְטוֹכְיָא! רַב חִסְדָּא וְרַב יִצְחָק בַּר אֲבוּדִימִי, חַד אָמַר: דְּמוּת דְּיוֹקְנוֹ הָיְתָה חֲקוּקָה לוֹ עַל מֶרְכַּבְתּוֹ, וְחַד אָמַר: אֵימָה יְתֵירָה הָיְתָה לוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ וְדוֹמֶה כְּמִי שֶׁעוֹמֵד לְפָנָיו.
The Gemara asks: And did Nebuchadnezzar ascend to Jerusalem? But isn’t it written with regard to Zedekiah: “And they took the king, and brought him up to the king of Babylonia, to Riblah” (II Kings 25:6), and Rabbi Abbahu says: This place called Riblah is a reference to Antioch. Apparently, Nebuchadnezzar was in Antioch, not in Jerusalem. Rav Ḥisda and Rav Yitzḥak bar Avudimi resolved this apparent contradiction. One says: An image of Nebuchadnezzar’s likeness was engraved on Nebuzaradan’s chariot, and he regarded that image as though Nebuchadnezzar were actually there. And one says: Nebuzaradan was in extreme fear of Nebuchadnezzar, and it was as though Nebuzaradan was always standing before Nebuchadnezzar. That is an example of the honor of a servant to his master mentioned in the verse.
אָמַר רָבָא: טְעוֹן תְּלָת מְאָה כּוּדַנְיָיתָא נַרְגָּא דְפַרְזְלָא דְּשָׁלֵיט בְּפַרְזְלָא שַׁדַּר לֵיהּ נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר לִנְבוּזַרְאֲדָן. כּוּלְּהוּ בְּלַעְתִּינְהוּ חַד דַּשָּׁא דִּירוּשְׁלֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״פִּתּוּחֶיהָ יָּחַד בְּכַשִּׁיל וְכֵילַפֹּת יַהֲלֹמוּן״. בָּעֵי לְמִיהְדַּר, אָמַר: מִסְתְּפֵינָא דְּלָא לִיעְבְּדוּ בִּי כִּי הֵיכִי דַּעֲבַדוּ בְּסַנְחֵרִיב.
§ The Gemara proceeds to discuss the role of Nebuzaradan in the destruction of the Temple. Rava says: Nebuchadnezzar sent to Nebuzaradan three hundred mules laden with iron axes that cut iron. All of them were incapacitated in the attempt to breach one gate of Jerusalem, as it is stated: “And now they pound its carved work together with hatchet and with hammers” (Psalms 74:6). Nebuzaradan sought to return to Babylonia and said: I am afraid. I want to ensure that they will not do to me just as they did to Sennacherib, whose downfall was in Jerusalem.
נָפְקָא קָלָא וְאָמַר: ״שָׁוַור בַּר שָׁוַור, נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן, שְׁוַור דִּמְטָא זִימְנָא דְּמַקְדְּשָׁא חֲרִיב וְהֵיכְלָא מִיקְּלֵי״. פָּשׁ לֵיהּ חַד נַרְגָּא. אֲתָא מַחְיֵיהּ בְּקוֹפָא, וְאִיפְּתַח, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יִוָּדַע כְּמֵבִיא לְמָעְלָה בִּסְבׇךְ עֵץ קַרְדֻּמּוֹת״.
A Divine Voice emerged and said: Leaper, son of a leaper; Nebuzaradan, take the leap, as the time has arrived for the Temple to be destroyed and the Sanctuary to burn. One ax remained for him to use. He went and struck the gate with the dull end of the ax and it opened, as it is stated: “He became known as the wielder of axes upward in a thicket of trees” (Psalms 74:5). At the appropriate time the gate was breached as though the ax were cutting trees.
הֲוָה קָטֵיל וְאָזֵל, עַד דִּמְטָא לְהֵיכְלָא. אַדְלֵיק בֵּיהּ נוּרָא. גְּבַהּ הֵיכְלָא. דְּרַכוּ בֵּיהּ מִן שְׁמַיָּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״גַּת דָּרַךְ ה׳ לִבְתוּלַת בַּת יְהוּדָה״. קָא זִיחָא דַּעְתֵּיהּ. נְפַקָא בַּת קָלָא וַאֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: עַמָּא קְטִילָא קָטְלַתְּ, הֵיכְלָא קַלְיָא קְלֵית, קִימְחָא טְחִינָא טְחֵינְתְּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״קְחִי רֵחַיִם וְטַחֲנִי קָמַח גַּלִּי צַמָּתֵךְ חֶשְׂפִּי שֹׁבֶל גַּלִּי שׁוֹק עִבְרִי נְהָרוֹת״. ״חִטִּים״ לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא ״קֶמַח״.
He was proceeding and killing until he reached the Sanctuary. When he reached the Sanctuary, he ignited a fire in it. The Sanctuary rose, seeking to enter Heaven so that it would not burn. They trod upon it from Heaven and returned it to its place, as it is stated: “The Lord has trodden the virgin, the daughter of Judah, as in a winepress” (Lamentations 1:15). Nebuzaradan became haughty, taking pride in his conquest. A Divine Voice emerged and said to him: Your haughtiness is unwarranted, as you killed a nation that was already dead, you burned a Sanctuary that was already burned, and you ground flour that was already ground, as it is stated with regard to Babylonia: “Take millstones and grind flour; uncover your locks, tuck up the train, uncover the leg, pass over rivers” (Isaiah 47:2). It was not stated: Grind wheat, but “grind flour,” indicating that all the destruction had already been wrought by God, and the role played by the enemy was insignificant.
חֲזָא דְּמֵיהּ דִּזְכַרְיָה דַּהֲוָה קָא רָתַח. אָמַר לְהוּ: מַאי הַאי? אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: דַּם זְבָחִים הוּא דְּאִישְׁתְּפִיךְ. אֲמַר לְהוּ: אַיְיתֵי וַאֲנַסֵּי אִי מִדְּמוּ. כַּסִּי וְלָא אִידְּמוֹ. אֲמַר לְהוּ: גַּלּוֹ לִי, וְאִי לָא סָרֵיקְנָא לְכוּ לְבִשְׂרַיְיכוּ בְּמַסְרֵיקָא דְּפַרְזְלָא.
When he reached the Sanctuary, he saw the blood of Zechariah the priest boiling. It had not calmed since he was killed in the Temple (see II Chronicles 24:20–22). Nebuzaradan said to the priests there: What is this? They said to him: It is the blood of offerings that was spilled. Nebuzaradan said to them: Bring animals and I will test to determine if the blood of the animals is similar to the blood that is boiling. He slaughtered the animals and their blood was not similar to the boiling blood. Nebuzaradan said to the priests: Reveal the source of that blood to me, and if not I will comb your flesh with an iron comb.
אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: הַאי כֹּהֵן וְנָבִיא הוּא, דְּאִינַּבִּי לְהוּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּחוּרְבָּנָא דִּירוּשְׁלֶם, וְקַטְלוּהּ. אֲמַר לְהוּ: אֲנָא מְפַיֵּיסְנָא לֵיהּ. אַיְיתִי רַבָּנַן, קָטֵיל עִילָּוֵיהּ, וְלָא נָח. אַיְיתִי דַּרְדַּקֵּי דְּבֵי רַב, קָטֵיל עִילָּוֵיהּ, וְלָא נָח. אַיְיתִי פִּרְחֵי כְהוּנָּה, קָטֵיל עִילָּוֵיהּ, וְלָא נָח. עַד דִּי קְטַל עִילָּוֵיהּ תִּשְׁעִין וְאַרְבְּעָה רִיבּוֹא, וְלָא נָח.
The priests said to Nebuzaradan: This blood is the blood of a priest and a prophet who prophesied for the Jewish people with regard to the destruction of Jerusalem and whom they killed. He said to the priests: I will pacify the blood so the boiling will stop. He brought the Sages and killed them over the blood and its boiling did not cease. He brought schoolchildren and killed them over the blood and its boiling did not cease. He brought young priests and killed them over the blood and its boiling did not cease. He continued killing until he killed 940,000 people over the blood, and its boiling did not cease.
קְרַב לְגַבֵּיהּ, אֲמַר: זְכַרְיָה, זְכַרְיָה, טוֹבִים שֶׁבָּהֶן אִיבַּדְתִּים. נִיחָא לָךְ דְּאֶיקְטְלִינְהוּ לְכוּלְּהוּ? מִיָּד נָח. הַרְהַר תְּשׁוּבָה בְּדַעְתֵּיהּ, אֲמַר: מָה הֵם שֶׁלֹּא אִיבְּדוּ אֶלָּא נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת כָּךְ, הָהוּא גַּבְרָא מָה תֶּיהְוֵי עֲלֵיהּ? עֲרַק, שַׁדַּר פּוּרְטֵיתָא לְבֵיתֵיהּ, וְאִיתְגַּיַּיר.
Nebuzaradan approached the blood and said: Zechariah, Zechariah, the worthy among them I killed on your behalf. Is it satisfactory for you that I kill them all? Immediately the boiling ceased. Nebuzaradan contemplated repentance. He said: If they, who caused only one person to perish, gained atonement only after all this killing, then with regard to that man, referring to himself, what will be required for him to gain atonement? He deserted his army and dispatched a last will to his house and converted.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: נַעֲמָן – גֵּר תּוֹשָׁב הָיָה, נְבוּזַר אֲדָן – גֵּר צֶדֶק הָיָה. מִבְּנֵי בָנָיו שֶׁל סִיסְרָא לִמְּדוּ תּוֹרָה בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, מִבְּנֵי בָנָיו שֶׁל סַנְחֵרִיב לִימְּדוּ תּוֹרָה בָּרַבִּים. וּמַאן נִינְהוּ? שְׁמַעְיָה וְאַבְטַלְיוֹן.
The Sages taught in a baraita: Naaman the Aramean (see II Kings, chapter 5) was a ger toshav, meaning that he accepted upon himself to refrain from idol worship but did not convert to Judaism. Nebuzaradan was a completely righteous convert. Among the descendants of Sisera (see Judges, chapter 4) were those who studied Torah in Jerusalem. Among the descendants of Sennacherib were those who taught Torah in public. The Gemara asks: And who are they? The Gemara answers: They were Shemaya and Avtalyon.
מִבְּנֵי בָּנָיו שֶׁל הָמָן לִמְּדוּ תּוֹרָה בִּבְנֵי בְּרָק. וְאַף מִבְּנֵי בָּנָיו שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ רָשָׁע בִּיקֵּשׁ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהִכְנִיסָן תַּחַת כַּנְפֵי הַשְּׁכִינָה. אָמְרוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, מִי שֶׁהֶחֱרִיב אֶת בֵּיתְךָ וְשָׂרַף אֶת הֵיכָלֶךָ תַּכְנִיס תַּחַת כַּנְפֵי הַשְּׁכִינָה? הַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב: ״רִפִּינוּ אֶת בָּבֶל וְלֹא נִרְפָּתָה״. עוּלָּא אָמַר: זֶה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר: אֵלּוּ נַהֲרוֹת בָּבֶל, וְתַרְגֻּמַהּ: צִינְיָיתָא צְרִידָתָא דְּבַבְלָאֵי.
The baraita continues: Among the descendants of Haman were those who studied Torah in Bnei Brak. And even among the descendants of that wicked person, Nebuchadnezzar, were those whom the Holy One, Blessed be He, sought to bring beneath the wings of the Divine Presence and have them convert. The ministering angels said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe: The one who destroyed Your House and burned Your Sanctuary, will You introduce him beneath the wings of the Divine Presence? The Gemara explains: That is the meaning of that which is written: “We have healed Babylonia, but she is not healed” (Jeremiah 51:9). Ulla says: This verse is a reference to Nebuchadnezzar, none of whose children converted. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani says: This is not a reference to a person; rather, these are the rivers of Babylonia, and interpret it as referring to the bitter saltwater rivers of Babylonia.
אָמַר עוּלָּא: עַמּוֹן וּמוֹאָב שִׁיבָבֵי בִּישֵׁי דִּירוּשְׁלֶם הֲווֹ. כֵּיוָן דְּשַׁמְעִינְהוּ לִנְבִיאֵי דְּקָא מִיתְנַבְּאִי לְחוּרְבָּנָא דִּירוּשְׁלֶם, שְׁלַחוּ לִנְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר: פּוֹק וְתָא. אָמַר: מִסְתְּפֵינָא דְּלָא לִיעְבְּדוּ לִי כְּדַעֲבַדוּ בְּקַמָּאֵי.
§ On a related note, the Gemara describes the events that led to the destruction of the Temple. Ulla says: Ammon and Moab were bad neighbors of Jerusalem. Once they heard the prophets who prophesied about the destruction of the Jerusalem, they sent to Nebuchadnezzar: Emerge from your dwelling place and come conquer them. Nebuchadnezzar said to them: I am afraid. I want to ensure that they will not do to me just as they did to my predecessors.
שְׁלַחוּ לֵיהּ: ״כִּי אֵין הָאִישׁ בְּבֵיתוֹ הָלַךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ מֵרָחוֹק״, וְאֵין אִישׁ אֶלָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״ה׳ אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה״. שְׁלַח לְהוּ: בְּקָרִיבָא הוּא וְאָתֵי. שְׁלַחוּ לֵיהּ: ״הָלַךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ מֵרָחוֹק״. שְׁלַח לְהוּ: אִית לְהוּ צַדִּיקֵי דְּבָעוּ רַחֲמֵי וּמַיְיתוּ לֵיהּ.
Ammon and Moab sent to him that it is written: “For the ish is not at home; he is gone on a long journey” (Proverbs 7:19), and ish is referring to no one but the Holy One, Blessed be He, as it is stated: “The Lord is an ish of war” (Exodus 15:3). Nebuchadnezzar sent to them in response: He is in a nearby location, and He will come. They sent to Nebuchadnezzar: “He has gone on a journey from afar” (Proverbs 7:19). Nebuchadnezzar said to them: They have righteous among them who will pray for mercy and bring Him to return.
שְׁלַחוּ לֵיהּ: ״צְרוֹר הַכֶּסֶף לָקַח בְּיָדוֹ״, וְאֵין כֶּסֶף אֶלָּא צַדִּיקִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וָאֶכְּרֶהָ לִּי בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר כָּסֶף וְחֹמֶר שְׂעֹרִים וְלֵתֶךְ שְׂעֹרִים״.
Ammon and Moab sent to Nebuchadnezzar: “He has taken a bundle of kesef with him” (Proverbs 7:20), and kesef is referring to nothing other than the righteous, as it is stated: “So I bought her to me for fifteen pieces of kesef and for a kor of barley and a half-kor of barley” (Hosea 3:2). The inference is that God acquired the congregation of Israel due to the presence of righteous people among them, and Ammon and Moab sent a message to Nebuchadnezzar that God had already taken the righteous and they no longer offered protection.
שְׁלַח לְהוּ: הָדְרִי רַשִּׁיעֵי בִּתְשׁוּבָה, וּבָעוּ רַחֲמֵי וּמַיְיתוּ לֵיהּ. שְׁלַחוּ לֵיהּ: כְּבָר קָבַע לָהֶן זְמַן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״לְיוֹם הַכֶּסֶא יָבֹא בֵּיתוֹ״. אֵין כֶּסֶא אֶלָּא זְמַן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״בַּכֵּסֶה לְיוֹם חַגֵּנוּ״. שְׁלַח לְהוּ: סִיתְוָוא הוּא, וְלָא מָצֵינָא דְּאָתֵי מִתַּלְגָא וּמִמִּיטְרָא.
Nebuchadnezzar sent to them: Perhaps the wicked will repent and become righteous and they will pray for mercy and they will bring Him to return. Ammon and Moab sent to Nebuchadnezzar: God already designated the time of their redemption, as it is stated: “On the day of the keseh, He will come home” (Proverbs 7:20), and keseh is referring to nothing other than a designated time, as it is stated: “Sound a shofar at the New Moon, at the keseh on the day of our feast” (Psalms 81:4). Since there is a time designated for redemption, until then you can do as you please. Nebuchadnezzar sent to them: It is winter now and I cannot come and conquer Jerusalem due to the snow and the rain.
שְׁלַחוּ לֵיהּ: תָּא אַשִּׁינָּא דְּטוּרָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״שִׁלְחוּ כַר מוֹשֵׁל אֶרֶץ מִסֶּלַע מִדְבָּרָה אֶל הַר בַּת צִיּוֹן״. שְׁלַח לְהוּ: אִי אָתֵינָא, לֵית לִי דּוּכְתָּא דְּיָתֵיבְנָא בֵּיהּ. שְׁלַחוּ לֵיהּ: קְבָרוֹת שֶׁלָּהֶם מְעוּלִּין מִפַּלְטֵירִין שֶׁלְּךָ, דִּכְתִיב: ״בָּעֵת הַהִיא נְאֻם ה׳ יוֹצִיאוּ אֶת עַצְמוֹת מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה וְאֶת עַצְמוֹת שָׂרָיו וְאֶת עַצְמוֹת הַכֹּהֲנִים וְאֵת עַצְמוֹת הַנְּבִיאִים וְאֵת עַצְמוֹת יוֹשְׁבֵי יְרוּשָׁלִָים מִקִּבְרֵיהֶם וּשְׁטָחוּם לַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְלַיָּרֵחַ וּלְכֹל צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם אֲשֶׁר אֲהֵבוּם וַאֲשֶׁר עֲבָדוּם וַאֲשֶׁר הָלְכוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶם״.
Ammon and Moab sent to him: Come on the peaks of mountains, where the rain does not pool, as it is stated: “Send the lamb to the ruler of the land from the peaks of the wilderness to the mount of the daughter of Zion” (Isaiah 16:1). Nebuchadnezzar sent to them: If I come to Jerusalem, I will have no place to dwell while laying siege to the city. Ammon and Moab sent to him: Their burial caves are superior to your palaces, and you can clear the caves and dwell there, as it is written: “At that time, says the Lord, they shall remove the bones of the kings of Judea, and the bones of his princes, and the bones of the priests, and the bones of the prophets and the bones of the inhabitants of Jerusalem from their graves; and they shall spread them before the sun and the moon and all of the hosts of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked” (Jeremiah 8:1–2). Ultimately Nebuchadnezzar came to conquer Judea and removed the corpses to make room for his army.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב נַחְמָן לְרַבִּי יִצְחָק: מִי שְׁמִיעַ לָךְ אֵימַת אָתֵי בַּר נַפְלֵי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאן בַּר נַפְלֵי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מָשִׁיחַ. מָשִׁיחַ בַּר נַפְלֵי קָרֵית לֵיהּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִין, דִּכְתִיב ״בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא אָקִים
§ Rav Naḥman said to Rabbi Yitzḥak: Have you heard when the son of giants [bar niflei] will come? Rabbi Yitzḥak said to him: Who is the son of giants? Rav Naḥman said to him: He is the Messiah. Rabbi Yitzḥak asked him: Do you call the Messiah son of giants? Rav Naḥman said to him: Yes, as it is written: “On that day I will establish
