סוטה יא

סוטה יא

דִּכְתִיב: ״הִנְנִי מֵקִים עָלֶיךָ רָעָה מִבֵּיתֶךָ״. כַּיּוֹצֵא בַּדָּבָר אַתָּה אוֹמֵר: ״וַיִּשְׁלָחֵהוּ מֵעֵמֶק חֶבְרוֹן״, אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פָּפָּא: בְּעֵצָה עֲמוּקָּה שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ צַדִּיק שֶׁקָּבוּר בְּחֶבְרוֹן, דִּכְתִיב: ״יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ״.

This is as it is written there: “Thus said the Lord: Behold, I will raise up evil against you out of your own house” (II Samuel 12:11), and this prophecy was fulfilled through Absalom. Similarly, you can say about Joseph, who was sent by his father to inquire as to the well-being of his brothers, where the verse states: “And he sent him from the valley [emek] of Hebron” (Genesis 37:14). Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa says: From the deep [amukka] counsel of that righteous individual who is interred in Hebron, i.e., Abraham, as it is written: “And He said unto Abram: Know that your seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years” (Genesis 15:13). The journey Joseph took to his brothers set in motion the descent of the Jewish people to Egypt.

״כִּי אָמַר אֵין לִי בֵן״. וְלָא הֲווֹ לֵיהּ בְּנֵי? וְהָכְתִיב: ״וַיִּוָּלְדוּ לְאַבְשָׁלוֹם שְׁלֹשָׁה בָּנִים וּבַת אַחַת״! אָמַר רַב יִצְחָק בַּר אַבְדִּימִי: שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה לוֹ בֵּן הָגוּן לַמַּלְכוּת. רַב חִסְדָּא אָמַר, גְּמִירִי: כׇּל הַשּׂוֹרֵף תְּבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ, אֵינוֹ מַנִּיחַ בֵּן לְיוֹרְשׁוֹ. וְאִיהוּ קַלְיַיהּ לִדְיוֹאָב, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל עֲבָדָיו רְאוּ חֶלְקַת יוֹאָב אֶל יָדִי וְלוֹ שָׁם שְׂעֹרִים לְכוּ וְהַצִּיתוּהָ בָאֵשׁ וַיַּצִּיתוּ עַבְדֵי אַבְשָׁלוֹם אֶת הַחֶלְקָה בָּאֵשׁ״.

The Gemara continues its discussion of Absalom. The verse states concerning Absalom: “For he said: I have no son to keep my name in remembrance; and he called the pillar after his own name; and it is called Absalom’s monument to this day” (II Samuel 18:18). The Gemara asks: And did Absalom not have sons? But isn’t it written: “And to Absalom there were born three sons, and one daughter” (II Samuel 14:27)? Rav Yitzḥak bar Avdimi says: He meant that he did not have a son worthy for royalty. Rav Ḥisda said: It is learned as a tradition: Anyone who burns the produce of another does not leave a son to inherit from him, and he, Absalom, burned the produce of Joab, as it is written: “Therefore he said to his servants: See, Joab’s field is near mine, and he has barley there; go and set it on fire. And Absalom’s servants set the field on fire” (II Samuel 14:30).

וְכֵן לְעִנְיַן הַטּוֹבָה מִרְיָם וְכוּ׳. מִי דָּמֵי? הָתָם — חֲדָא שַׁעְתָּא, הָכָא — שִׁבְעָה יוֹמֵי! אָמַר אַבָּיֵי, אֵימָא: וּלְעִנְיַן הַטּוֹבָה אֵינוֹ כֵּן.

§ The mishna teaches: And the same is so with regard to the reward for good deeds. Miriam waited for the baby Moses for one hour at the shore of the Nile; therefore, the Jewish people delayed their travels in the desert for seven days to wait for her when she was smitten with leprosy. The Gemara asks: Are these matters comparable? There, Miriam waited one hour, while here, the Jewish people waited for her for seven days. Abaye said: Say this with a slight change: And with regard to the repaying of good it is not so, as a person is not rewarded precisely measure for measure, as the reward may be greater than the good deed.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא: הָא ״וְכֵן לְעִנְיַן הַטּוֹבָה״ קָתָנֵי! אֶלָּא אָמַר רָבָא, הָכִי קָתָנֵי: וְכֵן לְעִנְיַן הַטּוֹבָה, דִּבְאוֹתָהּ מִדָּה, וּלְעוֹלָם מִדָּה טוֹבָה מְרוּבָּה מִמִּדַּת פּוּרְעָנוּת.

Rava said to him: But the tanna taught in the mishna: And the same is so with regard to the reward of good deeds. Rather, Rava said: This is what the mishna is teaching: And the same is so with regard to the reward of good deeds. It is rewarded with the same measure, i.e., a person is rewarded in the same manner as the good deed, but the measure of good is always greater than the measure of punishment. Therefore, Miriam was rewarded in the same manner as, but in a greater measure than, her deed.

״וַתֵּתַצַּב אֲחוֹתוֹ מֵרָחוֹק״, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: פָּסוּק זֶה כּוּלּוֹ עַל שֵׁם שְׁכִינָה נֶאֱמַר: ״וַתֵּתַצַּב״ — דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיָּבֹא ה׳ וַיִּתְיַצַּב וְגוֹ׳״. ״אֲחוֹתוֹ״ — דִּכְתִיב: ״אֱמֹר לַחׇכְמָה אֲחוֹתִי אָתְּ״. ״מֵרָחוֹק״ — דִּכְתִיב: ״מֵרָחוֹק ה׳ נִרְאָה לִי״. ״לָדַעַת״ — דִּכְתִיב: ״כִּי אֵל דֵּעוֹת ה׳״. ״מָה״ — דִּכְתִיב: ״מַה ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ שֹׁאֵל מֵעִמָּךְ״. ״יֵּעָשֶׂה״ — דִּכְתִיב: ״כִּי לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה ה׳ אֱלֹהִים דָּבָר״. ״לוֹ״ — דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ ה׳ שָׁלוֹם״.

With regard to Miriam’s deed the verse states: “And his sister stood afar off, to know what would be done to him” (Exodus 2:4). Rabbi Yitzḥak says: This entire verse is stated in reference to the Divine Presence, i.e., each phrase alludes to the Divine Presence watching over Moses. “And his sister stood”; as it is written: “And the Lord came, and stood” (I Samuel 3:10). “His sister”; as it is written: “Say to wisdom: You are my sister” (Proverbs 7:4). “Afar off”; as it is written: “From afar the Lord appeared to me” (Jeremiah 31:2). “To know”; as it is written: “For the Lord is a God of knowledge” (I Samuel 2:3). “What”; as it is written: “What does the Lord God require of you” (Deuteronomy 10:12). “Would be done”; as it is written: “For the Lord God will do nothing” (Amos 3:7). “To him”; as it is written: “And the Lord said to him: Peace be with you” (Judges 6:23).

״וַיָּקׇם מֶלֶךְ חָדָשׁ וְגוֹ׳״. רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל, חַד אָמַר: חָדָשׁ מַמָּשׁ, וְחַד אָמַר: שֶׁנִּתְחַדְּשׁוּ גְּזֵירוֹתָיו. מַאן דְּאָמַר חָדָשׁ מַמָּשׁ — דִּכְתִיב ״חָדָשׁ״, וּמַאן דְּאָמַר שֶׁנִּתְחַדְּשׁוּ גְּזֵירוֹתָיו, דְּלָא כְּתִיב ״וַיָּמׇת וַיִּמְלוֹךְ״. ״אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדַע אֶת יוֹסֵף״, דַּהֲוָה דָּמֵי כְּמַאן דְּלָא יָדַע לֵיהּ כְּלָל.

§ The Gemara proceeds to discuss the sojourn of the Jewish people in Egypt. The verse states: “And there arose a new king over Egypt, who knew not Joseph” (Exodus 1:8). Rav and Shmuel disagree about the interpretation of this verse. One says that this means he was actually a new king, and one says that this means that his decrees were transformed as if he were a new king. The one who says that he was actually a new king holds that it is because it is written “new.” And the one who says that his decrees were transformed holds that it is because it is not written: “And the previous king of Egypt died and a new king reigned.” This indicates that the same king remained. According to this interpretation, the words: “Who knew not Joseph” (Exodus 1:8), mean that he was like someone who did not know him at all. Although he certainly knew Joseph and his accomplishments, he acted as if he didn’t.

״וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל עַמּוֹ הִנֵּה עַם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״. תָּנָא: הוּא הִתְחִיל בְּעֵצָה תְּחִילָּה לְפִיכָךְ לָקָה תְּחִילָּה. הוּא הִתְחִיל בְּעֵצָה תְּחִילָּה — דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל עַמּוֹ״, לְפִיכָךְ לָקָה תְּחִילָּה — כְּדִכְתִיב: ״וּבְכָה וּבְעַמְּךָ וּבְכׇל עֲבָדֶיךָ״.

The next verse states: “And he said to his people: Behold, the people of the children of Israel are too many and too mighty for us” (Exodus 1:9). It was taught (Tosefta 4:11): He, Pharaoh, initiated the proposal. Therefore, of his people, he was stricken first. He initiated the proposal, as it is written: “And he said to his people.” Therefore, he was stricken first, as it is written: “And the frogs shall come up both upon you, and upon your people, and upon all your servants” (Exodus 7:29).

״הָבָה נִתְחַכְּמָה לוֹ״. ״לָהֶם״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ! אָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא: בֹּאוּ וְנֶחְכַּם לְמוֹשִׁיעָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל —

The next verse states that Pharaoh said: “Come, let us deal wisely with him [lo], lest he multiply, and it come to pass that when there befalls us any war, he will also join our enemies, and fight against us” (Exodus 1:10). The Gemara comments: He should have said in plural: With them [lahem], rather than the singular: “With him.” Rabbi Ḥama, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, says that Pharaoh was saying: Come, let us deal wisely with regard to the savior of Israel, referring to God.

בַּמֶּה נְדוּנֵם? נְדוּנֵם בָּאֵשׁ — כְּתִיב: ״כִּי הִנֵּה ה׳ בָּאֵשׁ יָבֹא״, וּכְתִיב: ״כִּי בָאֵשׁ ה׳ נִשְׁפָּט וְגוֹ׳״. בְּחֶרֶב — כְּתִיב: [״וּבְחַרְבּוֹ אֶת כׇּל בָּשָׂר״].

His advisors asked: With what form of death shall we judge and decree upon them? If we shall judge them with fire, perhaps we will be punished measure for measure by fire, as it is written: “For behold, the Lord will come in fire” (Isaiah 66:15), and it is written in the verse that follows it: “For by fire will the Lord contend” (Isaiah 66:16). Similarly, we cannot judge them with the sword, as it is written in the continuation of that verse: “And by His sword with all flesh” (Isaiah 66:16).

אֶלָּא בּוֹאוּ וּנְדוּנֵם בַּמַּיִם, שֶׁכְּבָר נִשְׁבַּע הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁאֵינוֹ מֵבִיא מַבּוּל לָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי מֵי נֹחַ זֹאת לִי וְגוֹ׳״. וְהֵן אֵינָן יוֹדְעִין שֶׁעַל כׇּל הָעוֹלָם כּוּלּוֹ אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא, אֲבָל עַל אוּמָּה אַחַת הוּא מֵבִיא.

Rather, let us come and judge them with water, by drowning the Jewish babies. God will not punish us with water, for the Holy One, Blessed be He, already took an oath that He will not bring a flood upon the world, as it is stated: “For this is as the waters of Noah unto Me; for as I have sworn that the waters of Noah should no more go over the earth” (Isaiah 54:9). The Gemara comments: And Pharaoh’s advisors did not know that He will not bring a flood upon all the world, but He may bring destruction by water upon one nation.

אִי נָמֵי: הוּא אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא, אֲבָל הֵן בָּאִין וְנוֹפְלִין בְּתוֹכוֹ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וּמִצְרַיִם נָסִים לִקְרָאתוֹ״. וְהַיְינוּ דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״כִּי בַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר זָדוּ עֲלֵיהֶם״ — בִּקְדֵירָה שֶׁבִּישְּׁלוּ, בָּהּ נִתְבַּשְּׁלוּ. מַאי מַשְׁמַע דְּהַאי ״זָדוּ״ לִישָּׁנָא דִקְדֵירָה הוּא — דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיָּזֶד יַעֲקֹב נָזִיד״.

Alternatively, there is an additional way to punish the Egyptians with water: He does not bring a flood upon them, but they may come and fall into water, and so it says: “And the sea returned to its strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled toward it; and the Lord overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea” (Exodus 14:27), indicating that the Egyptians fell into the water. And this is what Rabbi Elazar says: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Now I know that the Lord is greater than all gods, for in that which they conspired [zadu] against them” (Exodus 18:11)? The phrase means: In the pot in which they cooked, they themselves were cooked, as they were punished through drowning, measure for measure, for drowning the Jewish babies. The Gemara asks: From where may it be inferred that this word “zadu” is a term meaning a pot? The Gemara answers: As it is written: “And Jacob simmered a pot [vayyazed Ya’akov nazid]” (Genesis 25:29).

אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי סִימַאי: שְׁלֹשָׁה הָיוּ בְּאוֹתָהּ עֵצָה: בִּלְעָם, וְאִיּוֹב, וְיִתְרוֹ.

Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba says that Rabbi Simai says: Three noteworthy people were consulted by Pharaoh in that counsel where Pharaoh questioned what should be done with the Jewish people. They were Balaam, and Job, and Yitro.

בִּלְעָם שֶׁיָּעַץ — נֶהֱרַג, אִיּוֹב שֶׁשָּׁתַק — נִידּוֹן בְּיִסּוּרִין. יִתְרוֹ שֶׁבָּרַח — זָכוּ מִבְּנֵי בָנָיו שֶׁיָּשְׁבוּ בְּלִשְׁכַּת הַגָּזִית, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּמִשְׁפְּחוֹת סוֹפְרִים יוֹשְׁבֵי יַעְבֵּץ תִּרְעָתִים שִׁמְעָתִים שׂוּכָתִים הֵמָּה הַקִּינִים הַבָּאִים מֵחַמַּת אֲבִי בֵית רֵכָב״, וּכְתִיב: ״וּבְנֵי קֵינִי חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה וְגוֹ׳״.

Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba teaches what occurred to each of them: Balaam, who advised Pharaoh to kill all sons born to the Jewish people, was punished by being killed in the war with Midian (see Numbers 31:8). Job, who was silent and neither advised nor protested, was punished by suffering, as detailed in the eponymous book in the Bible. Yitro, who ran away as a sign of protest, merited that some of his children’s children sat in the Sanhedrin in the Chamber of Hewn Stone, as it is stated: “And the families of scribes who dwelt at Jabez, Tirathites, Shimeathites, and Sucathites, these were the Kenites who descended from Hammath, the father of the house of Rechab” (I Chronicles 2:55). And it is written: “The children of the Kenite, Moses’ father-in-law” (Judges 1:16). This teaches that the Kenites, descendants of Yitro, the father-in-law of Moses, dwelt at Jabez [Yabetz], referring to the place where the Jewish people go for advice [eitza], i.e., the Chamber of Hewn Stone.

״וְנִלְחַם בָּנוּ וְעָלָה מִן הָאָרֶץ״, ״וְעָלִינוּ״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ! אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כָּהֲנָא: כְּאָדָם שֶׁמְּקַלֵּל אֶת עַצְמוֹ, וְתוֹלֶה קִלְלָתוֹ בַּחֲבֵירוֹ.

The verse states: “Come, let us deal wisely with him, lest he multiply, and it come to pass that when there befalls us any war, he will also join our enemies, and fight against us, and get him up out of the land” (Exodus 1:10). The Gemara comments: He should have said: And get us up, as Pharaoh’s fear was that the Jewish people would join the enemies of Egypt and drive Pharaoh and the Egyptians out of Egypt. Rabbi Abba bar Kahana says: By stating this, Pharaoh is like a person who curses himself but applies his curse to another.

״וַיָּשִׂימוּ עָלָיו שָׂרֵי מִסִּים״, ״עֲלֵיהֶם״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ! תָּנָא דְּבֵי רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהֵבִיאוּ מַלְבֵּן וְתָלוּ לוֹ לְפַרְעֹה בְּצַוָּארוֹ, וְכׇל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאָמַר לָהֶם אִיסְטְנִיס אֲנִי, אָמְרוּ לוֹ: כְּלוּם אִיסְטְנִיס אַתָּה יוֹתֵר מִפַּרְעֹה?

The next verse states: “Therefore they did set over him taskmasters in order to afflict him with their burdens” (Exodus 1:11). The Gemara comments: It should have stated: Over them, in the plural. The school of Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, taught: This teaches that at first they brought a brick mold and they hung it on the neck of Pharaoh to create the appearance that he was also participating in the labor. And with regard to each and every Jew who said to the Egyptians: I am a delicate person [istenis] and I cannot participate in the labor, they said to him: Are you at all more of a delicate person than Pharaoh, and he is participating. Therefore, the verse states: “They did set over him,” as they first placed the burden on Pharaoh as an artifice to enslave the Jewish people.

״שָׂרֵי מִסִּים״, דָּבָר שֶׁמֵּשִׂים (לְבֵנִים).

The term “Taskmasters [sarei missim]” is formed from the term: A matter that compels [shemesim] the manufacture of bricks, as the Jewish people were forced into labor when these taskmasters were assigned to them.

״לְמַעַן עַנּוֹתוֹ בְּסִבְלוֹתָם״, [״עַנּוֹתָם״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ]! לְמַעַן עַנּוֹתוֹ לְפַרְעֹה בְּסִבְלוֹתָם דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל.

The verse continues: “In order to afflict him with their burdens” (Exodus1:11). The Gemara comments: It should have stated: “In order to afflict them,” in the plural. Rather, the intention is, as mentioned previously, in order to afflict Pharaoh, with the result of causing the burdens of the Jewish people.

״וַיִּבֶן עָרֵי מִסְכְּנוֹת לְפַרְעֹה״, רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל, חַד אָמַר: שֶׁמְּסַכְּנוֹת אֶת בַּעְלֵיהֶן. וְחַד אָמַר: שֶׁמְּמַסְכְּנוֹת אֶת בַּעְלֵיהֶן, דְּאָמַר מָר: כׇּל הָעוֹסֵק בְּבִנְיָן מִתְמַסְכֵּן.

The verse concludes: “And they built for Pharaoh storage cities [miskenot], Pithom and Raamses” (Exodus 1:11). Rav and Shmuel disagree as to the precise interpretation of the word miskenot. One says that they are called this because they were the type of structures that endanger [mesakenot] their owners, as it is dangerous to work in cities with tall buildings. And one says that they are called this because this is the type of property that impoverishes [memaskenot] their owners, as the Master said: All who engage in construction become poor.

״אֶת פִּיתוֹם וְאֶת רַעַמְסֵס״. רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל, חַד אָמַר: פִּיתוֹם שְׁמָהּ, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ רַעַמְסֵס — שֶׁרִאשׁוֹן רִאשׁוֹן מִתְרוֹסֵס. וְחַד אָמַר: רַעַמְסֵס שְׁמָהּ, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ פִּיתוֹם — שֶׁרִאשׁוֹן רִאשׁוֹן פִּי תְהוֹם בּוֹלְעוֹ.

The verse states that the names of the cities they built were “Pithom and Raamses” (Exodus 1:11). Rav and Shmuel disagree as to the precise interpretation of this verse, both assuming that only one city was built, which had primary and secondary names. One says that Pithom was its real name, and why was it called Raamses? It is an appellation indicating that as the buildings were constructed they collapsed [mitroses] one by one and needed to be rebuilt. And one says that Raamses was its real name, and why was it called Pithom? Because the opening of the abyss [pi tehom] swallowed each building they constructed one by one, and it sunk into the ground.

״וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אוֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרוֹץ״. ״כֵּן רַבּוּ וְכֵן פָּרְצוּ״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ! אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ מְבַשַּׂרְתָּן: ״כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרוֹץ״. ״וַיָּקֻצוּ מִפְּנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ דּוֹמִין בְּעֵינֵיהֶם כְּקוֹצִים.

The next verse states: “But the more they afflicted him, the more he would multiply and the more he would spread about” (Exodus 1:12). The Gemara comments: It should have stated: The more they multiplied and the more they spread about, in the past tense. Reish Lakish says: Divine inspiration proclaimed to the Egyptians: As long as this nation is afflicted, the more he will multiply and the more he will spread about. As the verse states: “And they became disgusted [vayyakutzu] due to the children of Israel.” The Gemara explains: This teaches that the Jewish people appeared in their eyes like thorns [kotzim].

״וַיַּעֲבִדוּ מִצְרַיִם אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל

The next verse states: “And the Egyptians made the children of Israel work

בְּפָרֶךְ״, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר: בְּפֶה רַךְ. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר: בִּפְרִיכָה.

with rigor [befarekh]” (Exodus 1:13). Rabbi Elazar says: The word befarekh is a conjugation of the words: With a soft mouth [bifeh rakh], as the Egyptians enticed the Jewish people into slavery, gradually subjugating them until they had lost their freedom completely. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani says: The word befarekh should be understood as: With crushing [bifrikha], as the Egyptians subjugated Israel with backbreaking labor.

״וַיְמָרְרוּ אֶת חַיֵּיהֶם בַּעֲבֹדָה קָשָׁה בְּחֹמֶר וּבִלְבֵנִים וְגוֹ׳״, אָמַר רָבָא: בַּתְּחִילָּה ״בְּחוֹמֶר וּבִלְבֵנִים״, וּלְבַסּוֹף ״וּבְכׇל עֲבוֹדָה בַּשָּׂדֶה״.

The next verse states: “And they made their lives bitter through hard service, with mortar and brick, and with every laborious service in the field” (Exodus 1:14). Rava says: The verse mentions specifically mortar and brick and then all forms of labor, as initially the Egyptians had them work with mortar and bricks, and ultimately they subjugated them “and with every laborious service in the field.”

״אֵת כׇּל עֲבֹדָתָם אֲשֶׁר עָבְדוּ בָהֶם בְּפָרֶךְ״, אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן: שֶׁהָיוּ מַחְלִיפִין מְלֶאכֶת אֲנָשִׁים לְנָשִׁים וּמְלֶאכֶת נָשִׁים לַאֲנָשִׁים. וּלְמַאן דְּאָמַר נָמֵי הָתָם בְּפֶה רַךְ, הָכָא וַדַּאי בִּפְרִיכָה.

The verse concludes: “In all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigor” (Exodus 1:14). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani says that Rabbi Yonatan says: The meaning of befarekh is that the Egyptians would exchange the responsibilities of men and women, giving men’s work to women and women’s work to men, requiring everyone to do work to which they were unaccustomed. And even according to the one who says that there, in the previous verse, bifarekh indicates that the Egyptians enslaved the Jews with a soft mouth, here, in this verse, which describes the physical hardship of the labor, the word befarekh certainly means with crushing labor.

דָּרֵשׁ רַב עַוִּירָא: בִּשְׂכַר נָשִׁים צִדְקָנִיּוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר נִגְאֲלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהוֹלְכוֹת לִשְׁאוֹב מַיִם, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְזַמֵּן לָהֶם דָּגִים קְטַנִּים בְּכַדֵּיהֶן, וְשׁוֹאֲבוֹת מֶחֱצָה מַיִם וּמֶחֱצָה דָּגִים, וּבָאוֹת וְשׁוֹפְתוֹת שְׁתֵּי קְדֵירוֹת, אַחַת שֶׁל חַמִּין וְאַחַת שֶׁל דָּגִים.

§ Rav Avira taught: In the merit of the righteous women that were in that generation, the Jewish people were redeemed from Egypt. He tells of their righteous actions: At the time when these women would go to the river to draw water, the Holy One, Blessed be He, would materialize for them small fish that would enter into their pitchers, and they would therefore draw pitchers that were half filled with water and half filled with fish. And they would then come and place two pots on the fire, one pot of hot water for washing their husbands and one pot of fish with which to feed them.

וּמוֹלִיכוֹת אֵצֶל בַּעְלֵיהֶן לַשָּׂדֶה, וּמַרְחִיצוֹת אוֹתָן, וְסָכוֹת אוֹתָן, וּמַאֲכִילוֹת אוֹתָן, וּמַשְׁקוֹת אוֹתָן, וְנִזְקָקוֹת לָהֶן בֵּין שְׁפַתַּיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אִם תִּשְׁכְּבוּן בֵּין שְׁפַתָּיִם וְגוֹ׳״, בִּשְׂכַר ״תִּשְׁכְּבוּן בֵּין שְׁפַתָּיִם״ זָכוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבִיזַּת מִצְרַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כַּנְפֵי יוֹנָה נֶחְפָּה בַכֶּסֶף וְאֶבְרוֹתֶיהָ בִּירַקְרַק חָרוּץ״.

And they would then take what they prepared to their husbands, to the field, and would bathe their husbands and anoint them with oil and feed them the fish and give them to drink and bond with them in sexual intercourse between the sheepfolds, i.e., between the borders and fences of the fields, as it is stated: “When you lie among the sheepfolds, the wings of the dove are covered with silver, and her pinions with the shimmer of gold” (Psalms 68:14), which is interpreted to mean that as a reward for “when you lie among the sheepfolds,” the Jewish people merited to receive the plunder of Egypt, as it is stated in the continuation of the verse, as a reference to the Jewish people: “The wings of the dove are covered with silver, and her pinions with the shimmer of gold” (Psalms 68:14).

וְכֵיוָן שֶׁמִּתְעַבְּרוֹת בָּאוֹת לְבָתֵּיהֶם, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ זְמַן מוֹלְדֵיהֶן הוֹלְכוֹת וְיוֹלְדוֹת בַּשָּׂדֶה תַּחַת הַתַּפּוּחַ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״תַּחַת הַתַּפּוּחַ עוֹרַרְתִּיךָ וְגוֹ׳״.

And when these women would become pregnant, they would come back to their homes, and when the time for them to give birth would arrive they would go and give birth in the field under the apple tree, as it is stated: “Under the apple tree I awakened you; there your mother was in travail with you; there was she in travail and brought you forth” (Song of Songs 8:5).

וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שׁוֹלֵחַ מִשְּׁמֵי מָרוֹם מִי שֶׁמְּנַקֵּיר וּמְשַׁפֵּיר אוֹתָן, כְּחַיָּה זוֹ שֶׁמְּשַׁפֶּרֶת אֶת הַוָּלָד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּמוֹלְדוֹתַיִךְ בְּיוֹם הוּלֶּדֶת אוֹתָךְ לֹא כׇרַּת שׇׁרֵּךְ וּבְמַיִם לֹא רֻחַצְתְּ לְמִשְׁעִי וְגוֹ׳״. וּמְלַקֵּט לָהֶן שְׁנֵי עִגּוּלִין, אֶחָד שֶׁל שֶׁמֶן וְאֶחָד שֶׁל דְּבַשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיֵּנִקֵהוּ דְבַשׁ מִסֶּלַע וְשֶׁמֶן וְגוֹ׳״.

And the Holy One, Blessed be He, would send from the heavens above an angel who would clean and prepare the newborns, just as a midwife prepares the newborn, as it is stated: “And as for your birth, on the day you were born, your navel was not cut nor were you washed with water for cleansing; you were not salted at all, nor swaddled at all” (Ezekiel 16:4). This indicates that there were no midwives to take care of the Jews born in Egypt. And then, the angel would gather for them two round stones from the field and the babies would nurse from that which would flow out of them. One of the stones flowed with oil and one of the stones flowed with honey, as it is stated: “And He would suckle them with honey from a crag and oil from a flinty rock” (Deuteronomy 32:13).

וְכֵיוָן שֶׁמַּכִּירִין בָּהֶן מִצְרִים בָּאִין לְהוֹרְגָן, וְנַעֲשָׂה לָהֶם נֵס וְנִבְלָעִין בַּקַּרְקַע, וּמְבִיאִין שְׁוָורִים וְחוֹרְשִׁין עַל גַּבָּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״עַל גַּבִּי חָרְשׁוּ חֹרְשִׁים וְגוֹ׳״. לְאַחַר שֶׁהוֹלְכִין הָיוּ מְבַצְבְּצִין וְיוֹצְאִין כְּעֵשֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״רְבָבָה כְּצֶמַח הַשָּׂדֶה נְתַתִּיךְ״.

And once the Egyptians would notice them, realizing that they were Jewish babies, they would come to kill them. But a miracle would occur for them and they would be absorbed by the earth. And the Egyptians would then bring oxen and would plow upon them, as it is stated: “The plowers plowed upon my back; they made long their furrows” (Psalms 129:3). After the Egyptians would leave, the babies would emerge and exit the ground like grass of the field, as it is stated: “I caused you to increase even as the growth of the field” (Ezekiel 16:7).

וְכֵיוָן שֶׁמִּתְגַּדְּלִין בָּאִין עֲדָרִים עֲדָרִים לְבָתֵּיהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַתִּרְבִּי וַתִּגְדְּלִי וַתָּבֹאִי בַּעֲדִי עֲדָיִים״, אַל תִּקְרֵי ״בַּעֲדִי עֲדָיִים״, אֶלָּא ״בְּעֶדְרֵי עֲדָרִים״.

And once the babies would grow, they would come like many flocks of sheep to their homes, as it is stated in the continuation of the verse: “And you did increase and grow up and you came with excellent beauty [ba’adi adayim]” (Ezekiel 16:7). Do not read the verse as: “Ba’adi adayim,” “with excellent beauty.” Rather, read it as: Be’edrei adarim, meaning: As many flocks.

וּכְשֶׁנִּגְלָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל הַיָּם, הֵם הִכִּירוּהוּ תְּחִלָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״זֶה אֵלִי וְאַנְוֵהוּ״.

And when the Holy One, Blessed be He, revealed Himself at the Red Sea, these children recognized Him first, as it is stated: “This is my God, and I will glorify Him” (Exodus 15:2). They recognized Him from the previous time that He revealed Himself to them in their infancy, enabling them to say: “This is my God.”

״וַיֹּאמֶר מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לַמְיַלְּדוֹת הָעִבְרִיּוֹת וְגוֹ׳״. רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל, חַד אָמַר: אִשָּׁה וּבִתָּהּ, וְחַד אָמַר: כַּלָּה וַחֲמוֹתָהּ. מַאן דְּאָמַר אִשָּׁה וּבִתָּהּ — יוֹכֶבֶד וּמִרְיָם, וּמַאן דְּאָמַר כַּלָּה וַחֲמוֹתָהּ — יוֹכֶבֶד וֶאֱלִישֶׁבַע.

§ The verse states: “And the king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives, of whom the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah” (Exodus 1:15). Rav and Shmuel disagree as to the proper interpretation of this verse. One says that these midwives were a woman and her daughter, and one says that they were a daughter-in-law and her mother-in-law. According to the one who says that they were a woman and her daughter, the women were Jochebed, the mother of Moses and Aaron, and her daughter, Miriam. And according to the one who says that they were a daughter-in-law and her mother-in-law, the verse is referring to Jochebed and her daughter-in-law Elisheba, the wife of Aaron.

תַּנְיָא כְּמַאן דְּאָמַר אִשָּׁה וּבִתָּהּ, דְּתַנְיָא: שִׁפְרָה זוֹ יוֹכֶבֶד, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ שִׁפְרָה — שֶׁמְּשַׁפֶּרֶת אֶת הַוָּלָד. דָּבָר אַחֵר: ״שִׁפְרָה״ — שֶׁפָּרוּ וְרָבוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּיָמֶיהָ.

It is taught in a baraita according to the one who says that they were a woman and her daughter, because it is taught in a baraita: With regard to Shiphrah, who is referred to in the verse, this is really a reference to Jochebed. And why was she called Shiphrah? Because she would prepare [mishapperet] the newborn. Alternatively, she is referred to as Shiphrah because the Jewish people increased and multiplied [shepparu verabbu] in her days, due to her assistance.

״פּוּעָה״ — זוֹ מִרְיָם. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ ״פּוּעָה״ שֶׁהָיְתָה פּוֹעָה וּמוֹצִיאָה אֶת הַוָּלָד. דָּבָר אַחֵר: ״פּוּעָה״ — שֶׁהָיְתָה פּוֹעָה בְּרוּחַ הַקּוֹדֶשׁ וְאוֹמֶרֶת: עֲתִידָה אִמִּי שֶׁתֵּלֵד בֵּן שֶׁמּוֹשִׁיעַ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל.

The baraita continues: With regard to Puah, who is referred to in the verse, this is really a reference to Miriam. And why was she called Puah? Because she would make a comforting sound [po’a] as she would remove the child from the womb of the mother. Alternatively, the word Puah is related to one of the verbs that describe speaking, as she would speak [po’a] through divine inspiration and say: In the future, my mother will give birth to a son who will save the Jewish people.

״וַיֹּאמֶר בְּיַלֶּדְכֶן אֶת הָעִבְרִיּוֹת וְגוֹ׳״. מַאי ״אׇבְנָיִם״ — אָמַר רַבִּי חָנָן: סִימָן גָּדוֹל מָסַר לָהֶן. אָמַר לָהֶן: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁכּוֹרַעַת לֵילֵד יַרְכוֹתֶיהָ מִצְטַנְּנוֹת כַּאֲבָנִים.

The next verse relates the instructions of Pharaoh to the midwives: “And he said: When you deliver the Hebrew women, and you look upon the stones [ovnayim], if it be a son, then you shall kill him; but if it be a daughter, then she shall live” (Exodus 1:16). The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of “stones”? Rabbi Ḥanan says: Pharaoh transmitted a great sign to them. He said to them: At the time when a woman crouches to give birth, her thighs become as cold as stones, and, therefore, this shall be for you a sign that the woman is about to give birth.

וְאִית דְּאָמַר, כְּדִכְתִיב: ״וָאֵרֵד בֵּית הַיּוֹצֵר וְהִנֵּה הוּא עוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה עַל הָאׇבְנָיִם״, מָה יוֹצֵר זֶה — יָרֵךְ מִכָּאן וְיָרֵךְ מִכָּאן וְסַדָּן בָּאֶמְצַע, אַף אִשָּׁה — יָרֵךְ מִכָּאן וְיָרֵךְ מִכָּאן וְהַוָּלָד בָּאֶמְצַע.

And there are those who say an alternative explanation for ovnayim: As it is written: “So I went down to the potter’s shop, and behold, he was at his work on the wheels [ovnayim]” (Jeremiah 18:3). Just as this potter sits so that one thigh is here and one thigh is there and the block upon which he works is in the middle, so too, a woman giving birth also has one thigh here and one thigh there and the newborn is in the middle.

״אִם בֵּן הוּא וַהֲמִתֶּן אוֹתוֹ״. אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, סִימָן גָּדוֹל מָסַר לָהֶן: בֵּן פָּנָיו לְמַטָּה, בַּת פָּנֶיהָ לְמַעְלָה.

The verse continues: “If it be a son, then you shall kill him; but if it be a daughter, then she shall live” (Exodus 1:16). Rabbi Ḥanina says: Pharaoh transmitted to them a great sign to enable them to know the gender of the infant from the beginning of the birth process: A boy is born with his face downward; a girl is born with her face upward. Pharaoh provided them with this sign so that they could kill the boys secretly even before the mother realized what was happening.

״וַתִּירֶאןָ הַמְיַלְּדוֹת אֶת הָאֱלֹהִים וְלֹא עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אֲלֵיהֶן וְגוֹ׳״. ״לָהֶן״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ! אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁתְּבָעָן לִדְבַר עֲבֵירָה וְלֹא נִתְבְּעוּ.

The next verse states: “But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt spoke about them [aleihen], but they kept the male children alive” (Exodus 1:17). The Gemara comments: It should have stated: “Spoke to them [lahen].” Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, says: This teaches that Pharaoh proposed to them to engage in a sinful act, i.e., sexual intercourse, with him, but they did not accept his overtures. The word aleihen is often used in reference to sexual intercourse, for example: “And brought her to him; and he consorted with her [eileha]” (Genesis 29:23), and that is its connotation here as well.

״וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ אֶת הַיְּלָדִים״. תָּנָא: לֹא דַּיָּין שֶׁלֹּא הֵמִיתוּ אוֹתָן, אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיוּ מַסְפִּיקוֹת לָהֶם מַיִם וּמָזוֹן.

The verse concludes: “But they kept the male children alive” (Exodus 1:17). A Sage teaches: It is not only that they did not kill the children as Pharaoh had commanded them, but that they would even provide for them water and food, as the phrase “But they kept the male children alive” indicates.

״וַתֹּאמַרְןָ הַמְיַלְּדוֹת אֶל פַּרְעֹה כִּי לֹא כַנָּשִׁים וְגוֹ׳״. מַאי ״חָיוֹת״? אִילֵימָא חַיּוֹת מַמָּשׁ, אַטּוּ חַיָּה מִי לָא צְרִיכָה חַיָּה אַחֲרִיתִי לְאוֹלוֹדַהּ?

After being questioned by Pharaoh concerning their failure to obey his command, the midwives responded, as it is written: “And the midwives said to Pharaoh: Because the Hebrew women are not as the Egyptian women, for they are lively [ḥayot], and are delivered before the midwife comes to them” (Exodus 1:19). The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of “ḥayot”? If we say that the Hebrew women are like ḥayot, meaning actual midwives for themselves, and therefore they do not need assistance from others, is that to say that a midwife does not need the assistance of another midwife in order to help her give birth?

אֶלָּא אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אוּמָּה זוֹ כְּחַיָּה נִמְשְׁלָה: יְהוּדָה — ״גּוּר אַרְיֵה״, דָּן — ״יְהִי דָן נָחָשׁ״, ״נַפְתָּלִי אַיָּלָה שְׁלֻחָה״, ״יִשָּׂשכָר חֲמוֹר גָּרֶם״, יוֹסֵף — ״בְּכוֹר שׁוֹר״, ״בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב יִטְרָף״.

Rather, the midwives said to Pharaoh: This nation is compared to an animal [ḥayya], and animals give birth without a midwife. For example, with regard to Judah it is written: “Judah is a lion’s whelp” (Genesis 49:9); with regard to Dan it is written: “Dan shall be a serpent in the way” (Genesis 49:17); with regard to Naphtali it is written: “A hind let loose” (Genesis 49:21); with regard to Issachar it is written: “A large-boned donkey” (Genesis 49:14); with regard to Joseph it is written: “His first bullock” (Deuteronomy 33:17); with regard to Benjamin it is written: “A ravenous wolf” (Genesis 49:27).

דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ — כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ. וּדְלָא כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ — כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ: ״מַה אִמְּךָ לְבִיָּא בֵּין אֲרָיוֹת רָבָצָה וְגוֹ׳״.

The Gemara comments: Concerning those individuals where a comparison to an animal is written with regard to him, it is already written with regard to him. And concerning those where no specific metaphor comparing them to an animal is written with regard to him explicitly, in any case a general comparison is written about the Jewish people: “How your mother was a lioness; among lions she crouched, in the midst of the young lions she reared her whelps” (Ezekiel 19:2), indicating that all the Jewish people are compared to animals.

״וַיְהִי כִּי יָרְאוּ הַמְיַלְּדוֹת אֶת הָאֱלֹהִים וַיַּעַשׂ לָהֶם בָּתִּים״. רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל, חַד אָמַר: בָּתֵּי כְהוּנָּה וּלְוִיָּה, וְחַד אָמַר: בָּתֵּי מַלְכוּת. מַאן דְּאָמַר בָּתֵּי כְהוּנָּה וּלְוִיָּה — אַהֲרֹן וּמֹשֶׁה. וּמַאן דְּאָמַר בָּתֵּי מַלְכוּת — דָּוִד נָמֵי מִמִּרְיָם קָאָתֵי, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַתָּמׇת עֲזוּבָה אֵשֶׁת כָּלֵב וַיִּקַּח לוֹ כָלֵב אֶת אֶפְרָת וַתֵּלֶד לוֹ אֶת חוּר״. וּכְתִיב: ״וְדָוִד בֶּן אִישׁ אֶפְרָתִי וְגוֹ׳״.

The verse relates the midwives’ reward: “And it came to pass, because the midwives feared God, that He made them houses” (Exodus 1:21). Rav and Shmuel disagree as to the precise interpretation of these houses: One says that God made the houses of the priesthood and the Levites descend from the midwives, and one says that God made the houses of royalty descend from them. The one who says that it is referring to the houses of the priesthood and the Levites is referring to Aaron and Moses, who were sons of Jochebed. And the one who says that it is referring to houses of royalty is referring to David, who also comes from Miriam, as it is written: “And Azubah,” the wife of Caleb, “died, and Caleb took to him Ephrath, who bore him Hur” (I Chronicles 2:19) and, as will be explained further, Ephrath is Miriam. And it is written: “David was the son of that Ephrathite of Bethlehem in Judah” (I Samuel 17:12). Therefore, he was a descendant of Miriam.

״וְכָלֵב בֶּן חֶצְרוֹן הוֹלִיד אֶת עֲזוּבָה אִשָּׁה וְאֶת יְרִיעוֹת וְאֵלֶּה בָנֶיהָ יֵשֶׁר וְשׁוֹבָב וְאַרְדּוֹן״. בֶּן חֶצְרוֹן? בֶּן יְפֻנֶּה הוּא! בֵּן שֶׁפָּנָה מֵעֲצַת מְרַגְּלִים.

The Gemara discusses the family of Caleb: In Chronicles it says: “And Caleb, the son of Hezron, begot children of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth, and these were her sons: Jesher, and Shobab, and Ardon” (I Chronicles 2:18). The Gemara asks: Was Caleb actually the son of Hezron? Wasn’t he the son of Jephunneh, as the verse states in Numbers 13:6? The Gemara answers: He was the son of Hezron, but he is called “son of Jephunneh” as an appellation indicating that he was a son who turned away [sheppana] from the counsel of the spies.

וְאַכַּתִּי: בֶּן קְנַז הוּא, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּלְכְּדָהּ עׇתְנִיאֵל בֶּן קְנַז אֲחִי כָלֵב״! אָמַר רָבָא: חוֹרְגוֹ דִּקְנַז הֲוָה.

The Gemara asks: But it is still difficult. Hezron could not be his father, as Caleb was the son of Kenaz, as it is written: “And Othniel, the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother, took it” (Judges 1:13). This would mean that Caleb was also a son of Kenaz. Rava said: Caleb was the stepson of Kenaz, as he and Othniel shared a mother but had different fathers.